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manhatten project 2

Started by profitis, August 30, 2017, 02:15:41 PM

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profitis

#25
September 01, 2017, 04:45:58 PM
"Protactinium-231 is naturally occurring, as well as a
byproduct of thorium breeder cycles, is fissionable, and is
potentially fissile. Estimates suggest that if it is fissile, the
critical mass in most favorable geometry is probably
hundreds of kilograms.
Uranium-231 is synthetic and probably fissile (but critical
mass unknowable from available neutron data). Its half-life is
a few days, so pointless for nuclear weapons or reactors.
Uranium-232 is synthetic and reported to be fissile, but
critical mass uncalculated. It is better known as an
undesirable contaminant in U-233, also fissile.
Uranium-233 is synthetic (made from breeding Th-232) and
critical mass is 581 g. Nuclear weapons and reactors made
using U-233 have been tested.
Uranium-235 is natural, prepared from the natural element by
enrichment, and critical mass is 800 g. It has been used in
warfare ("Little Boy" at Hiroshima) and in countless nuclear
reactors.
Neptunium-234 is synthetic and probably fissile (but critical
mass unknowable from available neutron data). Its half-life is
a few days, and it is a very intense gamma radiation emitter,
so probably pointless for practical applications.
Neptunium-236 is synthetic and fissile, with an estimated
critical mass of 68 g. However, its half-life is about a day,
making it impractical.
Neptunium-237 is synthetic and fissile, with an estimated
critical mass of hundreds of grams ("about as good as U-235",
according to a Los Alamos experiment). No known nuclear
weapons have been made from Np-237, although successful
critical assemblies have been reported.
Neptunium-238 is synthetic and fissile, with an estimated
critical mass of 101 g. However, its half-life is about two days
and it is a horrendous gamma emitter, making it impractical
for weapons or reactors.
Plutonium-236 is synthetic and fissile, with an estimated
critical mass of 1.48 kg. Its half-life of 2.8 years makes it an
impractical material.
Plutonium-237 is synthetic and fissile, with an estimated
critical mass of 141 g. Its half-life of 141 days makes it an
impractical material for a weapon or reactor.
Plutonium-239 is synthetic and fissile, made by breeding
U-238, with a critical mass of 516 g. It has been used in
warfare ("Fat Man" at Nagasaki) and in reactors.
Plutonium-241 is synthetic and fissile, with a critical mass of
301 g. It accompanies weapon-grade Pu-239 as an
undesirable contaminant, decaying to the potent gamma
emitter Am-241. It is formed in, and burned in, uranium- and
plutonium-fueled reactors.
Plutonium-243 is synthetic and fissile, with a critical mass of
2.3 kg. It is found in reactor-grade plutonium from high-
burnup fuels, where it is a short-lived (hours) gamma-
emitting contaminant unsuitable for further use. However, it
does contribute to fission power generated in uranium- and
plutonium-fueled reactors.
Americium-241 is synthetic and fissile, a potent gamma
emitter with a high critical mass in the tens of kg and no
known history of being used in critical experiments or
weapons. It is best known as the radiation source in smoke
detectors. Created and burned in small quantities in uranium-
and plutonium-fueled reactors.
Americium-242m is synthetic and fissile, with a very low
critical mass of 20g that suggests some interesting nuclear
applications of this isomer of Am-242. That said, criticality
experiments undertaken with it are unknown.
Americium-244 is synthetic and fissile, with a critical mass
of 84 g. Its half-life of 10 hours and its brutal gamma
radiation yield make it unsuitable for application.
Curium-243 is synthetic and fissile, with a low critical mass
of 147 g and a reasonably long half-life of 28 years. That
said, I can find no evidence of its being used in critical
experiments.
Curium-245 is synthetic and fissile, a long-lived isotope of
curium, with a low critical mass of only 47 g. Like Am-242m,
it has been suggested for use in novel micro-reactors.
Practical Cm-245 is probably too contaminated with neutron-
emitting congeners to be usable in weapons.
Curium-247 is synthetic and fissile, a long-lived isotope of
curium, with a critical mass of 3.5 kg.
Berkelium-250 is synthetic and fissile, with an estimated
critical mass of 159 g. Its half-life of 3 hours and a barbaric
gamma yield make its use impractical.
Californium-249 is synthetic and fissile, with an estimated
critical mass of an attractively-low 62 g and a longish half-
life of 350 years. It may be suitable for a nuclear weapon, but
is hard to produce while excluding congeners that yield
undesirable spontaneous-fission neutrons. I know of no
suggested or tested uses as a fissile material.
Californium-251 is synthetic and fissile, with an estimated
critical mass of an attractively-low 28 g and a longish half-
life of 900 years. It may in theory be suitable for a micro-
nuke, in the company of Am-242m and Cm-245, but is hard to
produce, particularly while excluding congeners that yield
undesirable spontaneous-fission neutrons. I know of no
suggested or tested uses as a fissile material.
Californium-252 is synthetic and fissile, with an estimated
critical mass of 4.8 kg. This is a moot point from the weapons
standpoint, though, because Cf-252 blows out neutrons at a
prodigious rate via its major decay mechanism, spontaneous
fission (SF). The isotope is manufactured and used
commerically for it spontaneous neutron emission.
Californium-253 is synthetic and fissile, with an estimated
critical mass of 57 g, but an untenable half-life of only 17
days.
Einsteinium-254 is synthetic and fissile, with an estimated
critical mass of 28 g. Its half-life of 40 hours prevents it from
being useful in this regard, however."

I don't know how accurate this is but..

profitis

#26
September 02, 2017, 01:54:16 AM
Is there an element with critical mass 1 microgram? We just don't know yet

profitis

#27
September 02, 2017, 02:51:09 AM
"Weapons
Main article: Antimatter weapon
Antimatter has been considered as a trigger
mechanism for nuclear weapons.[73] A major
obstacle is the difficulty of producing antimatter in
large enough quantities, and there is no evidence
that it will ever be feasible.[74] However, the U.S. Air
Force funded studies of the physics of antimatter in
the Cold War, and began considering its possible
use in weapons, not just as a trigger, but as the
explosive itself.[75]"

profitis

#28
September 02, 2017, 03:07:03 AM
"Positrons are produced naturally in β+ decays of
naturally occurring radioactive isotopes (for
example, potassium-40) and in interactions of
gamma quanta (emitted by radioactive nuclei) with
matter. Antineutrinos are another kind of
antiparticle created by natural radioactivity (β−
decay). Many different kinds of antiparticles are also
produced by (and contained in) cosmic rays."

Are there ways to speeditup? We must see
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