Ionospheric antenna spanish to english complete translate.

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The refractive index is not real and therefore refraction does not exist and only one traditional reflection in that layer of the ionosphere, the figure shows successive reflections give to the return all the ionosphere layer

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The refractive index is zero and therefore there is a total reflection, that is to say, the wave is captured by that layer of the Ionosphere it crosses and it circularly as it happens in the critical angle of any total refraction, only that we have a waveguide when closing itself here circularly the trajectory, the figure shows from the moment the resonant wave is emitted, captured by the corresponding layer and soon it returns amplified to its point of emission, this one travelling wave will be able to lower anywhere where an emitter to the same frequency exists affects another wave, as in this case there is only one, gives all the return until returning to the emitting point

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Page 5 last page of spanish document named Propagacion

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The refractive index is positive and therefore there is traditional refraction and the wave crosses the layer has this frequency of resonance turning aside itself since all beam refracted optically towards the following layers more superiors of the ionosphere

Of these three cases, the second is the one of interest more than first, because the wave captured in resonance adds its energy to already stored in the plasma and during all the return it accumulates a great dose of energy, when returning the wave to the emitting point and to be reflected the successive reflections they will produce an enormous amplification again.
The most detailed mechanisms on the direction of propagation of the waves in all the cases are given by the Earth's magnetic field mainly. In conclusion, the propagation of a wave member state in the ionosphere is perfectly described by the equations of Maxwell and allow to visualize things were not deductible before and one of them is that in resonance the waves are forced to surround all the ionosphere layer resonates to that frequency which consequently not only allows energy amplification, but the shipment of messages and signals to any point of the Orb or to make a remote control at a distance.
Doubts or consultations to the post office:
Gigawattgratis (a), 123mailcl
gigawattgratis (a), ubbi. com
Juan Araya M, Right reserved.

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Translated Spanish document called Receptor_VLF page 1,

RECEIVING VLF OF WAVES SCHUMMAN

By Juan Araya M.: gigawattgratis (a), 123maiLcl jarayam&Jatinmail.com 2003-06-14
The intention of this article is to design and to construct a receiver for waves of VLF in order to receive the Schumann waves of ionospheric resonance and to as much appreciate its dynamic behavior in the time as reception places, and to show obtained experimental practical results
The resonant cavity or waveguide Earth/Ionosphere was predicted and described mathematically in 1952 by German W.O. Schumann and made experimental publications on the subject per 1954, these resonances are pronounced like peaks of the basic noise of the terrestrial electromagnetic spectrum, is easy to measure his first 4 ways which happen a approximately: 7,8 Hertz, 14 Hertz, 20 Hertz, and 26 Hertz, being fundamental of these frequencies the one of greater amplitude and interest then the other decay in intensity. The levels of amplitude of these resonances are of the rank of the microvolt for the component of electric field, and of picoTesla for the magnetic component of the wave
First it is the election of the antenna to use, it is practical and economic to think about an antenna type about 2 whip of mts of length for the receiver in order to induce in the same a few micro-volts of signal, and is the one that we will use to design the receiver, nevertheless, the ideal would be to be able to design an antenna to catch the magnetic component of the signal, because this type of antenna is immune to other interferences, easy to calibrate, nevertheless are very difficult to design, requires a great patience and more expenses, because one is an antenna with form of coil of very many returns of wire, because therefore the wished one is obtained detection and amplification of signal via the well-known relation: V = wANB, being To the section of the Coil, N the total number of returns, and B the magnetic component of the signal VLF to measure, besides being used a nucleus of high permeability to obtain more amplification
The following figure previously shows to an antenna VLF of the type referred coil:

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Fig.1 Receiving antenna inductive VLF
It consists in series of 4 windings, of which two points are in the same direction, each winding has a diameter of 10.3 cm and consists of 309 returns each, but as it said, this is optional and ideal, but not to be complicated as much, we can, while, to design an antenna for our receiver that is one of type whip to catch only the component of electric field of the wave and not magnetic it, in spite of the contrariedades.
As we chose by the simple thing, an antenna type whip of about 2 mts of length, we must know what happens with the signal, and what it does east type to him of antenna to the same, clearly it is an antenna outside syntony or nonresonant, because the physical length of the same is much smaller than the wavelength for the fundamental one of 7.8 Hertz (9400 km 11), for this case, the antenna behaves as if it was a condenser, and the signal induced in the same for the case of 7.8 Hertz is in the rank of 1 the 10 microVolt to microVolt
Thus then, the tension induced in the antenna is with the capacity of the same antenna defining the impedance of entrance necessary in series to design for the receiver and the capacity of entrance of the same.
These antennas of type whip have an isotropic theoretical capacity of about 10 pF/TM, that to 7.8 Hertz to receive gives an impedance us of entrance of 900 Ohms Mega!

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what says to us that our receiver to design must have an impedance of the highest entrance.
We can solve it to this using a circuit that uses transistors type FET of high impedance as it is:

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Fig 2 receiving Circuit Schumann waves
One is an emitter follower whose main characteristic is its great impedance of entrance that generally exceeds the hundreds of Giga Ohms and with a low about 10 stray capacitance of pF approximately. If the marked condenser as C* is not present, the frequency response of this receiver is flat between 1 Hertz until the tens of MHz, very under noise, excellent linearity and great dynamic range the pair of transistors 2N3904 simulates a resistor of highest impedance, about 500 Giga given Ohm its characteristic V/I
The construction of this receiver must follow certain rules basic in order to make good measurements:
? It uses a metallic shield for the circuit
? To directly weld the floodgate of the JFET to the entrance connector
? It uses an entrance connector type BNC or SO-239 that offer good isolation
? It avoids to touch the entrance connector or the base of the entrance of the JFET this would soil the contacts and would lower the entrance impedance, cleans with distilled water and pure alcohol
The syntony is simple, to land the entrance and moves the potentiometer until in the exit zero Volts are had, when putting the antenna in the exit will have hundreds of mili Volts
The following step, and most problematic, it is the separation of the electrical noise surrounds that us by the signal which we want to measure, this noise can natural or artificial be created by the man, the one who can raise 60 more dB or, with respect to the signal to measure. Some of these sources of wished noise are not: Local radios of A.M., military transmitters VLF, powerful atmospheric unloadings and the originating one of the electrical lines of communication
Using a capacity for C* of about 270 nano Farads, is managed to reduce the noise in the high range of frequency enough, or filter happens low, or, removing it and using



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phantom analyzer type FFT, even so continues bothering noises, especially, the one of 50 Hertz or 60 Hertz of the surrounding electrical lines, according to the country where we are, are useful to use good filters, like the NOTCH to eliminate, especially the noise of the electrical lines of power.
After the filter to use, some type of amplification must be used, if it were necessary, to process the signal of exit, or phantom or dynamic range and to compensate the attenuation of the filter for the noise of electrical line, a normal value could be a gain of 100
Perhaps the noise in the particular location where is the reader is not totally atenuable, thus would have to choose some remoter locality.
Finally, the processing of the signal, ideal is via applying a FFT (Fast Fourier transform), that allows to visualize the phantom of amplitude of the signal, an ideal option would be to be able to count on an oscilloscope with this function FFT, and in case of not being thus, shareware for this aim can be used a card of sound of any PC and be lowered, although the quality of the sampling would not be maximum
It chooses, always, for a good measurement the possible most distant place of the electrical lines of communication and near great objects like trees, buildings, etc, that introduce a tension splitter with the antenna capacity and reduce the amplitude of the signal, it does not make measurements with bad climate, due to the signals induced by the wind, pulses of load of the drops of rain, and often badly shaken terrestrial electric field, and either lands always carcaza of the receiver
The following phantom was obtained by a collaborator who used a filter NOTCH (of band elimination) of the receiver when coming out, obtained the 22/8/2001, and is the average of 25 measurements using a time of integration of 40 seconds:

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Fig 2 obtained experimental phantom
The Schumann resonances are appraised clearly in real time.
The receiver is fundamental to establish the frequency of the transmitting VLF that would allow to lower gratuitous energy from the ionosphere.
Juan Araya M. gigawattgratis (a) J23maiLcl
jaravam (a), latinamiL com