Steven Mark´s associate Jack Durban comes forward with more info !

[innovation_station]

so i drew you guys a simple pic cuz this thing can be built so many ways......

this is a mechanical unit .....  uses water and a good old crank...

ist

[turbo]

@marco

Why would you want to remove harmonics when they are the very essence of the havoc you attempt to create inside the coils.

As Steven pointed out in this OU world there are many unwanted harmonics.
They can be before the device and after depending of the setup.
This gets complicated when the signal source becomes the feed.
If there are harmonics in the output it will mean they are also going back into the input.
With the harmonics it just does not work.
I have build my supply out of the clues Steven gave us.
It is not that i just put something together.

M.

[bolt]

We seem to be going round and round in circles as so many things that might work contain coils, caps, maybe magnets, maybe a small control circuit. While on the theme of hendershot again this little write up makes important distinctions about operations and non reciprocal that may launch into OU mode as the  output becomes detached from the input. This is why even if the tpu contains circuitry it shall only initiate the catalyst to start the operations and will never be part of the output. Like wise such operation will allow milliamps of starting current where a circuit is employed and none of the output will be part of the feedback loop except for over burn shutdown. Another way to think about this is to imagine a firemans hose. Its takes very little effort to turn the level to the on position yet the force of the water ejected requires 2 men to hold it steady. Apart from a nozzle to control the flow the operation of the lever is irreverent to the amount of pressure available as a result of the action and nor is a circuit prudent to get involved on the pressure side except maybe to offer smoothing akin to the jet nozzle. This is complete different to a switch mode power supply where ALL of the output power must pass the output transistors and coils and feedback of the loop is used to control the mark space for stability Clearly this is a system of reciprocal mode. For a laymen example Joe Newmans motor runs on PP3 batteries. Its a non reciprocal operation as the amount of power required to run the machine has nothing to do with the input power. How well it accomplishes this though is of course up to debate.

There is a problem with an over simplistic suggestion though and that is someone by now would have stumbled on the same effects for a tpu IF it was a case of a coil and cap. There appears merit to me in the Nuclear Resonance suggested by Spherics. This will prevent accidentally stumbling on the right coil cap combination. Anyway to resume the Hendershot concept.............

HOW DID THE HENDERSHOT DEVICE WORK?

by Fred B. Epps ( 04/27/97 ) - JLN Labs

In this analysis of how the Hendershot machine might have worked, I will make certain simplifying assumptions. First, I assume you are familiar with the circuit diagram and construction features of the Hendershot device. I also assume the device can be analyzed as two parts, the coil/capacitor assembly and the "clapper" resonant circuit. The coil/capacitor (CC) is my major focus here, but I will point out later how the resonant energy-storing principle is essential to the operation of the device.

THE COIL/CAPACITOR

In examining the CC assembly we find a very interesting component that is quite likely to create overunity performance if used properly.

(The basket-weave coil consists of braided windings over a modified electrolytic capacitor).

It is common sense that the capacitor and coil are intended to interact. The question is, what is the nature of that interaction?

Logically, there are three possibilities:

1) The coil affects the capacitor, but not the reverse.

2) The capacitor affects the coil, but not the reverse.

3) The coil affects the capacitor, and the reverse.

I reject option 2 because there is no element in the coil that can be affected by a changing electric field in the capacitor.

I reject option 3 because no true overunity device can be reciprocal-- it must be nonreciprocal. A reciprocal or 'two-way" device must always load the input and cause power loss at the input equivalent to the power gain. Let me explain what I mean by "reciprocal". Most systems that are encountered in everyday life and engineering practice are reciprocal in nature. What this means is that the energy relations are reversible. A good example is EM induction, where if the output of a motor becomes the input, the motor becomes a generator, and the energy relationship is reversed without being changed. This is an extension of Newton's law of action and reaction.

It has been proven (1) that certain systems are nonreciprocal, that is, the outputs cannot be made inputs. It has also been proven (2) that any nonreciprocal device with electrical inputs and outputs must contain a magnetic field. The magnetic field has the property of changing the direction of applied forces without doing work-- this is essential to these types of systems. In nonreciprocal systems the output does not load the input. Imperfect, lossy nonreciprocal devices can be constructed in many forms, among them gyroscopes, gyrators, ferromagnetic amplifiers, microwave phase shifters, and Hall effect devices.

Only the first option is capable of creating overunity performance: there must be a one-way interaction between the magnetic field of the coil and the capacitor. Otherwise the magnetic field must be loaded in some way, either inductively or parametrically, and the coil will lose energy. For there to be no losses in the core, it must 'see' the capacitor as basically an air core with an unvarying u of 1.

THE COIL

There are three ways to look at the braided windings of the coil:

1) They are inductive.

In this case the braiding is not intended to reduce flux and there is considerable flux inside the capacitor. The operating principle involves standard magnetic fields.

2) They are noninductive.

The flux is essentially prevented from entering the capacitor. The operation involves the magnetic vector potential.

3) They are both inductive and noninductive.

I am not equipped to analyze the noninductive (scalar) aspects of the coil (perhaps Bob Shannon would like to look at that). I don't believe that it is necessary to invoke scalar fields to explain its operation. Thus I make the further, possibly incorrect, assumption that the coil uses only standard magnetic fields.

THE COIL/CAPACITOR INTERACTION

How might the magnetic field of the coil interact with the capacitor? At the risk of boring "old hands" I think it necessary to explain the action of an electroytic capacitor to show how this might happen. An electrolytic capacitor has an extra layer of liquid or solid electrolyte between one of the plates and the dielectric. This layer has two main functions-- it provides better contact between the metal and the dielectric, and seals tiny holes that form in the dielectric by electrical action.

A liquid dielectric such as used in the Hendershot device has interesting electrical properties. It has a high dielectric coefficient k , as well as ionic conduction (3). Since obviously the ionic content has something to do with the value of k, and since moving ions are subject to Lorentz forces over their free path, it seems at least possible that a magnetic field through the coil would change the value of k and thus the C of the capacitor. I do not know enough chemistry to describe all the details but I have posted material on the magnetovoltiac effect and the experiments of Weiss who showed that magnets will affect the chemical and thus electrical conditions in wet cells. Hall effects exist in electrolytes (have to find the ref.)

The particular mechanism that is involved need to be determined by experiment. I think it will prove to be an ionic Hall effect, but it might be scalar or something else. I am not as focussed on the specific mechanism of interaction as that there IS a one-way interaction where L changes C without C changing L. This is a nonreciprocal system.

You may be familiar with the experiments that Jean-Louis Naudin and I are doing with varactors. These APPEAR nonreciprocal at the voltage

levels we are using because the output voltage is not high enough to appreciably affect the control voltage. At higher output voltages the device goes into nonlinear operation (frequency doubling mode). This mode does affect the input, sometimes cancelling the control voltage, soit is definitely not a nonreciprocal sytem. Also, keep in mind the existing proof that all electrical nonreciprocal systems must contain a magnetic field.

Hendershot's coil/capacitor appears to be a true nonreciprocal system. The theorems for nonreciprocality were proven for a low-frequency system consisting of an electromagnetic transducer mechanically coupled to an electrostatic or piezoelectric transducer.

The general form of these devices is "magnetic--mechanical or material coupling--electric". Hendershot's device fits this pattern well, being "magnetic induction--mechanical properties of ions--capacitance".

RESONANCE

Nonreciprocal systems are usually lossy, although some microwave ferrite systems can operate with very low insertion loss. How does sucha system go overunity?

Through resonance. Remember that the nonreciprocal system by definition does not load the input. It cannot change the input in any way, so whatever state the input was in at the beginning of the process is the same state its in at the end of the process. If the input is a resonant circuit, only the electrical losses in the input need be considered because we can ignore the output by definition.

The fact that power is being transferred to a load through the nonreciprocal element cannot influence the operation of the circuit. At a certain Q in the input circuit and at a certain level of loss in the noreciprocal element, the circuit will go overunity. It should be pointed out that the output in Hendershot's device was due to variation of the capacitance in the CC assembly and thus drove the output circuits parametrically.

This is why his circuit required constant tuning. The Mathieu equations for parametric oscillations have many areas of instability for different ranges of frequency and power.

These considerations allow for the design of many types of overunity system in many media. Everything from purely mechanical devices like gyroscopes to solid-state ceramic resonators could be called into play. They also allow us to understand, predict, and duplicate the operation of devices like the Testatika and the Hendershot device. I would be happy to discuss building projects with anyone who is interested.

Fred Epps

Refs:

1) "Violation Of The Reciprocity Theorem In Linear Passive Electromechanical Systems" by Edwin McMillan, J. Acous. Soc. Am. (18), 344 (1946)

"Coordinates And The Reciprocity Theorem In Electromechanical Systems" by John W. Miles, J. Acous. Soc. Am. (19), 910 (1947)

2) "Reciprocal Relations In Irreversible Processes I, II" by Lars Onsager, Phys. Rev. (37) , pp. 405-426 (1931)

Some Aspects Of Onsager's Theory Of Reciprocal Relations In Irreversible Process" by H.B.G. Casimir, Nuovo Cimento Suppl. (6), pp. 227-231 (1949)

3) Electrolytic Condensers, by Philip Coursey, Chapman and Hall, 1937


ED @Earl  "I repeat, the probability that SM used the common-mode chokes and capacitors to filter RF while letting the DC pass to the output, is close to 100%"

Yes that i believe too why? Because it wont give a very good demonstration if the voltage is seen to be erratic on the test meter due to large RF fluctuations especially where different meters could react very different to the quantity of RF type noise present. It makes far more sense to filter the crap out so that any persons present would all see a steady DC reading on different meters.  In addition SM may have hooked even the large TPU to modified inverter which would have worked much better with clean DC going in although 1k inverters were damn expensive and inefficient back in the late 80's/90's compared today 1kw inverter can be bought of ebay for a few bucks. Its a very easy hack.

[aleks]

HOW DID THE HENDERSHOT DEVICE WORK?

I guess it's more important to find the cause of the overunity, not a coil arrangement causing it. You'll be like a monkey trying to find a working arrangement without basing you decisions on some theory.

In my opinion, the device can work without circuitry if it feeds with spark-like impulses itself. This is possible considering sawtooth wave (which is spark-like) can be represented with a set of harmonics. You probably know that if you run a serie of sinewave oscillators with harmonic frequencies (2x, 3x, 4x, 5x of the base freq) the sum will be the same as sawtooth and so the sharp transient will happen with the period of base oscillation. And so, if oscillations inside the coil build up in a way so that their sum is close to sawtooth's formulation, the device will be feeding itself forever.

But why oh why you would pray for 'self-sustain' when it can be clearly beneficial to pulse the coils with simple and low-power circuitry? I think auto-oscillation won't be precise or stable: change ambient temperature and it will likely fade away.

[Earl]

@marco

In the world of OU, there is no such thing as unwanted harmonics if it means to stifle energy creation. This cannot be for such a purpose.


Wattsup,

The unwanted harmonics and RF hash/noise are in essence after the OU creation.  So to say the by-product or residual.  The wanted output is pure DC, everything else is unwanted.  RF on the output causes finger burns and problems with the neighbors TV and radio.  That is the reason to insert a common-mode low-pass filter just before the output jack.  There it has absolutely no effect on OU creation.

[snip]

If you had a bridge rectifier inside the black box before the true output, and all you are running in the demo is light bulbs or a drill, who cares about the harmonics.

Your neighbor does, as well as the FCC.  Without the filter, the TV may only show snow or jagged lines.

There has to be another reason for those chokes.

In my opinion, the only reason for the common-modes chokes are together with the capacitors to form a low-pass filter.  As I said, this is essentially obligatory for all electronic equipment.  SM is using it on the output because there is no input.  Without this filter, the TPU would be acting as a transmitter and with connected cords acting as antennas, he could wipe out all TV and radio reception with-in a radius of a mile or three.  You can imagine all the angry people who could not watch their soap or the police/fire dept. who could no longer communicate with their vehicles.  Good way to have trouble fast.

Earl