Linnard?s hydrogen on demand system without electricity !

[ResinRat2]

OK Dingus,

I promised I was looking over the reactions of experiment #13, now I'm going to prove my salt as a Chemist.

After looking over the equations involved in this patent I have come to the conclusion that I was right. The regeneration of the zinc can be influenced as an equilibrium problem of the components of the cell.

The equation that directly involves the regeneration of the zinc also controls the production of oxygen on the zinc electrode. The equation being:

2Zn⁺² + 2Mg_c --> 2Mg_c⁺² + 2Zn


Due to Magnesium being above zinc on the eletromotive series of metals this reaction readily occurs. However, when you look at how Dr. Linnard designed the experiment, the concentration of Silver colloid is double that of Magnesium. This means he was highly favoring the hydrogen production, and thus slowing down the zinc reduction. This is why zinc does not regenerate well in this experiment, and also why oxygen is not produced well off the zinc electrode.

If the colloidal concentrations of the magnesium and silver colloids were more equal, than the zinc electrode would be able to regenerate itself at a faster rate.  Unfortunately, this would also slow the hydrogen production. That would be OK, since we are trying to design a cell that regenerates itself completely, and only consumes water.

If we are trying to design a cell that can regenerate all the components at a rate that allows just hydrogen and oxygen to be produced then we need to control the concentrations of the colloids. These are the major components of the zinc reduction.

I propose an experiment that is identicle to experiment #13, except that the magnesium and silver colloid concentrations are equal in ppm. In this case, let's double the silver colloid to 40ppm and quadriple the magnesium colloid to 40ppm as well. This would give a better rate of oxygen production off the anode(zinc) and favor the reduction of the zinc ion. It would also try to minimize the reduction of the rate of hydrogen gas that this shift would cause.

This would, unfortunately slow down the hydrogen production. The following equation in the cell directly influences the production of the hydrogen:

2Mg_c + 2Zn⁺² --> 2Mg_c⁺² + 2Zn


This means I am reducing the amount of Zn⁺² in the solution and thus shifting the following reaction that generates hydrogen and electrical energy to the left:

2Zn + 4H₂O <-- 2Zn⁺² + 2H₂ + 4OH^-


This will favor the left side of the equation and lower the rate of hydrogen gas production.

We may have to adjust the colloid levels after an experimental test, to try and get the rates right, but this is what I propose. It does mean HHO gas will be produced, not just mostly hydrogen, but this is the price to pay for a balanced cell. The use of hot water in the cell would help boost the reaction rates as well, but this would require energy. This may not be necessary.

I will type out the equations and how I arrived at this conclusion, but that will have to be something I send seperately or at a later post. It is a rather long series of equations that had to be looked over and solved for the right equilibrium reactions that would influence zinc reduction.

This is worth a try. Just to see what happens. Too bad I don't have anywhere to test this theory at the moment.

Thanks for your interest.

[Dingus Mungus]

Resin, you just made my night!

I'm excited to see how this next experiment will play out.
I wonder then... What would pushing the colloidal metal
ballance more twards the magnesium end of the scale do?

I wonder if Stefan is still planning on working on this too?

[pg46]

Quick Note-

Stefan- I tried again the carbon rod in place of the nickel electrode. There was after all some gas production but it was very slow in comparison to the nickel. The voltage and the amperage was lower also.
I put a bit of dc power to my cell to see what would happen. Shortly thereafter it stopped producing gas altogether. So my cell ran about 14 hrs and then stopped. I could charge the cell again with DC and it would go again for a while and then quit.
I tried a cell with just some KOH in distilled water with the zinc and nickel electrodes. It produced gas also but at a lower rate then in the other cell with the colloidal metals. I heated the KOH solution and then got very nice production from the nickel electrode. I then replaced the nickel with one of stainless steel. The stainless produced well but not near as much as with the nickel electrode.

Best,

[ResinRat2]

Dingus,

Just as a comment to your question. The increase in the magnesium would favor the production of oxygen and the plating of the zinc. It would also reduce the electrical energy that the cell produces.

We have a balancing act here. The silver colloid favors the production of hydrogen from the reaction:


4Ag_c + 4H₂O <--> 4Ag_c⁺ + 2H₂ + 4OH^-



By shifting the equation to the left in order to replate the Zn in the equation:


2Zn + 4H₂O  <--> 2Zn⁺² + 2H₂ + 4OH^-



We push the equation to the left. This hurts the Hydrogen production rate since it is on the right. This is a balancing act. I still have not considered actual rates of each equation. How slow can we stand the hydrogen production? Do we really want HHO gas or almost all Hydrogen gas. That is the price we pay for a balanced cell.

I don't even know if this is practical. Theoretically we can reach it, but what is the ultimate goal? Do we want maximum hydrogen production with the loss of the zinc, or can we make a balanced cell that requires no energy input and regenerates itself with modest or very slow hydrogen and oxygen production.

This is fascinating, cutting edge stuff.

Thanks for your interest.

[Kator01]

Hello ResinRat2,

can you have a look at my Post #41 in this section :

here is another important info about the lanthanoide Cer : Please read carefully, it reacts with water to Cer-Hydroxid and pure H-Gas.

It is all in German, unortunately for our english friends here, but it is the only webside which gives this detailed info
about Cer producing H-Gas.

Now the reason why I put this info here is because I discovered that there exists a tungsten-cer-welding-rod.

Look here the different kind of welding-rods on another page of www.furtmayr.de ( see my my last post.)
There is a lot to experiment on :

http://www.furtmayr.de/wolfram/details.html#rot

If there is a person here who is well versed in chemistry : How can one convert Cer-Hydroxide back to Cer and
Water ?

In Switzerland post-busses had a Cer-Brick as a catalyst for producing H-Gas. Way back in the 60 ties they used only this H-Gas fuel and abandoned it in the 70 ties.

Kator01