Selfrunning Free Energy devices up to 5 KW from Tariel Kapanadze

[Kamil]

Hi Guys ,
Like to share with you my website:
http://isparktube.com/kapanadze
You will find there more about Kapanadze and Akula device,
plus you can add your High Voltage experiments videos and share them with others!
Kind regards

[zcsaba77]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhJYDTGCoLs&feature=youtu.be


Leader Genie#2








Wesley

Hi StiveP

Here is another video for translate:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nl9E8F1gOD0&index=2&list=UUOg-KITFE2rDHpAY7ieZk8g

Thanks, regards zcsaba77

[stivep]

DEAR       S T E F A N                   please read it:



original link"
http://lit.lib.ru/a/ashkinazi_l_a/text_0030.shtml

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the rest of the text is in the link, please
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http://lit.lib.ru/a/ashkinazi_l_a/text_0030.shtml



ISSUE? "It's just"

Introduction. General view of the electron emission

Electron emission - is the emission of electrons from the surface of a solid or a liquid. In order to get out of a rigid body in a vacuum, the electron must have an energy, which is called the work function, must overcome a "potential barrier". Emission is always present, as there are always electrons with such energy. However, the number of electrons decreases very rapidly with increasing energy, and the emission process in the absence of any effects on the electrons in a solid, and in the absence of external electric fields terminated. Support the issue of the body subject to the following two conditions. The first - the creation of an external electric field, providing leading away from the body of the emitted electrons. For this purpose, in particular, necessary to supply to the body of electrons from the source, so that the overall charge of the body does not increase. Second - Approach electrons energy body, providing a potential barrier to overcome, or the creation of a strong external field, the potential barrier is thin and becomes essentially a tunnel effect (field emission), the quantum penetration of electrons through the potential barrier, ie, emission of electrons with energies less than the work function. When the transfer of energy from the body of the bombarding photon photoemission we have, from the electrons - secondary electron emission from ion - ion-electron emission from internal fields - emission of hot electrons from the lattice - thermionic emission. All of these mechanisms can operate simultaneously (eg - thermionic field'emission, fotoavtoemissiya). If the external field, providing leading away from the body of the emitted electrons is not sufficient for field emission, but enough to reduce the potential barrier becomes noticeable Schottky effect - dependence of the emission from the external field.

In very strong pulsed electric fields tunneling emission leads to rapid destruction (explosion) on the microscopic surface of the emitter and the formation of a dense plasma near the surface (the explosive emission). The interaction of this plasma with the surface of the emitter and the emission of electrons from the plasma to get more current, but only in the form of short pulses, and - in contrast to all other types of emissions - the cost of destroying the emitter.

In the case where the emitting surface is not uniform and there are "spot" with a different work function on its surface, an electric field "spots". This field slows the electrons emitted from the portions of the cathode with less than neighboring work function. External electric field is added to the field of sunspots and age, eliminates the inhibitory effect of the latter. As a result, the emission current of inhomogeneous emitter increases with increasing field more rapidly than in the case of a homogeneous emitter (anomalous Schottky effect). Effect of electric field on the electron emission from semiconductors is more complicated. Electric field penetrates into them in great depth (from hundreds to tens of thousands of atomic layers), and the charge induced by the emitted electrons, is not on the surface, in a layer of a certain thickness, and an external electric field penetrates into the semiconductor, causing it to charge redistribution .

The main types of electron emission were discovered under the following circumstances.

Thermionic emission: in the middle of the XVIII century, it was known that near the heated solids air loses its normal feature of a poor conductor of electricity, but the cause of this phenomenon remains unclear. Yu.Elster and G.Geytel (1882-89) found that under reduced ambient pressure incandescent metal surface acquires a positive charge. The flow of current in the vacuum between incandescent electrode and positively charged electrode was opened T.Edisonom (1884), explained the emission of electrons (negatively charged particles) Dzh.Tomsonom (1887) developed a theory of thermionic emission O.Richardson (1902, sometimes mistakenly attributed to him the discovery of of the effect).Unilateral conductivity was found Dzh.Flemingom (1904, sometimes mistakenly attributed to Edison), although it was not quite the diode vacuum, and with partial compensation of the space charge.

Photoelectric emission opened in 1887 G.Gerts - he discovered that ultraviolet light illumination of the electrodes of the spark gap, under voltage, facilitates overshoot spark between them.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Systematic studies conducted V.Galvaks, A.Rigi, A.G.Stoletov (1885) and showed that in the experience of the Hertz problem reduces to the release of charges under the action of light. The fact that it is the electrons, and showed F.Lenard Dzh.Tomson (1898).

Field emission opened in 1897 R.Vud. In the study of the vacuum discharge Wood said in a strong electric field emission of electrons, watching the glass glow under their influence, and described this phenomenon.

Secondary electron emission and opened L.Ostin G.Shtarke (1902).

Thermionic emission

Thermionic emission - is the emission of electrons heated surface. Thermionic emission current is determined by the temperature of the cathode, ie. E. Energy of the electrons, and the work function - ie. E. Energy, which is necessary for an electron to leave the material. If there is a cathode of the accelerating field, the electrons return to the cathode if the accelerating field is then emitted electrons begin to move and eventually reach the electrode to which a positive voltage relative to cathode, anode. The maximum emission current is determined by the ratio of the work function of temperature, it is called the saturation current. The cathode temperature is limited, in turn, by evaporation of the cathode material, ie. Ie. Lifetime.

Of pure metals and alloys as a thermionic emitter is used almost exclusively tungsten, which has the lowest rate of evaporation (the largest life) at temperatures that ensure the necessary emission. Unfortunately, this turned out to be the best option item with the highest work function, ie. E. Working at the highest temperature. First thermionic cathodes were made of tungsten wire, in this case to obtain a high temperature is not difficult, sometimes later unused electron intensity, ie. Ie. Heated by electron bombardment. Lack of tungsten - low adaptability. It is difficult to handle, it is brittle, especially after heating. To overcome these drawbacks, rhenium is added to it. These alloys are almost the same emission and evaporation is much smarter.

The idea of ​​using alloys as thermionic emitters is also based on the hope that one of the alloying elements diffuse to the surface of another and forming thereon a film (emitting structure) lowers the work function. This idea has always stimulated, first, the efficiency of the cathode of thoriated tungsten, having a monolayer on the surface of the tungsten thorium, and secondly - a common one time erroneous hypothesis about the nature of working successfully oxide cathode (monolayer of barium oxide, barium strontium).

Of alloyed cathodes received practical use mainly two: Ir -RZM (REM - rare earth elements) and Pt - Ba . In the group Ir -RZM proved most effective Ir - La , Ir - Ce and Ir - La -Me, Ir - Ce -Me, where Me - metal, usually refractory, for example, Mo (molybdenum). Cathodes Ir - La and Ir - Ce monolayer, lanthanum and cerium emits structure of iridium, with her, and they evaporate, and fueled by a monolayer diffusion depth of the cathode. Diffusion is depleted through lanthanum (cerium) layer, which is a few tens of microns, at least of the layer thickness increases, the flow decreases and the cathode fails. The cathode was not very technologically advanced - iridium alloys with rare-earth elements are fragile. A second example of driftwood cathode - an alloy of Pt - Ba , where the barium forms a solid solution and intermetallic compounds. Barium film on platinum is not very efficient as a thermal emitter, but nevertheless this has found application as a cathode vtorichnoelektronny.

For W (tungsten), the emission of 0.1 A / cm ² - 1 A / cm ² is achieved at 2150№S - 2350№S, the evaporation rate at the same time 4 ^. 10 ^-10 - 10 ^-8 g / cm ² s. If the cathode is directly heated, it will burn out due to the avalanche process - evaporation and heating, accelerating each other. This happens in a time approximately equal to the ratio of the thickness 0.1 evaporation rate r. Ie. 0.1 theoretical lifetime. Cathode IrLa at 1430 - 1830№S emission is 8 - 130 A / cm ² , the evaporation rate of 10 ^-11 - 1.5 ^. 10 ^-8 g / cm ² s. For IRCE - cathode, respectively 10 - 150 A / cm ² and l 0 ^-12 - L , 5 ^. L 0 ^-9   g / cm ² s. In this lifetime, according to the experiment is at 100 A / cm ² and 1000 h. If focus on data on the rate of evaporation, at lower tokootborah life should be significantly more so when 10 A / cm ^2, it must reach 100,000 hour.

On the other hand, a high service life of these cathodes allows for some increase of evaporation increase resistance to "poisoning" at the cost is not too substantial reduction in service life. To this end, the alloys Ir -RZM third metal is added, for example, Mo . Such cathodes do have more evaporation, with all the ensuing consequences. By varying the amount of the third metal can control the parameters of the cathode. The mechanism of action of a third metal may be different. It can accelerate decomposition of iridium compounds with REM (in the form of which is a major amount of REM in the cathode) or increase the rate of diffusion of iridium in the REM.

High-temperature oxide cathodes based on oxides of ThO ₂ , L and ₂ O ₃ , Y ₂ O ₃ are not well and are applied fairly limited. These oxides are more stable to electron bombardment, so often used as cathodes in EEW M type in which the cathode is bombarded by electrons and which is important for secondary electron emission of the electron.

Initially, the cathode technique used pure metal - tungsten. One way to improve the parameters of the cathode new addition to tungsten thorium oxide ThO ₂ . Thorium is diffused on the surface tungsten, forms thereon a monolayer increases the emission and then evaporated. Maintaining monolayer (the most effective in terms of emissions) the concentration depends on the ratio of the rate of evaporation of the multilayer coating and diffusion rates. The rate of diffusion depends in turn on the diffusion coefficient and the distribution of the penetrant (particle ThO ₂ ) in the matrix (tungsten). However, the binding energy of a monolayer of thorium on tungsten is such that it evaporates faster than we would like, and does not work in terms of ion bombardment, destroying the monolayer of thorium. To increase the binding energy was applied karbidirovanie WTh -katoda - excerpt by heating the carbonaceous gas, with a certain depth of tungsten carbide goes into W ₂ C . After that, the binding energy of thorium with the substrate increases, the emission remains practically unchanged, resistance to ion bombardment increases. However, in this case the reason for limiting the changes life - it becomes dekarbidizatsiya, removing carbon from the cathode (diffusion to the surface and oxidation). A second example of a composite cathode on a metal-based cathode may L a ₂ O ₃ . This cathode has found application in high-power electron tubes. For proper WCTh -katoda at 1700 - 1880№S tokootbor is 2 - 10 A / cm ² , the life of 100.000 - 3.000 h, the evaporation rate of 10 ^-11   - 10 ^-10 g / cm ² s. For the cathode may L a ₂ O ₃ at 1460 - 1500№S emission of 2 - 10 A / cm ² , durability 100.000 - 5.000 h.

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Wesley

[zcsaba77]

Dear Wesley

Please translate for us this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rALEpvBQig
Thanks

regards zcsaba77

[TheCell]

Dear Wesley,
speaking about electron emission / avalanche etc. ; I have replicated this simple experiment , which does not show the effect of bright shining lamp. In my case it was 2 60W incandescent bulbs in series which only slightly lit up. The removal of the triode did not change the intensity of the bulbs. I bought 2 GM 70 triodes, tiger used ,from ebay ukraine. I used microwave diodes. The diagram as simple as it might be, there are evt. a few parameters which I don't meet in my setup.
his video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4KG3USFCkEA&feature=player_embedded#!
the schematic attached. One of my GM 70's attached.
Meanwhile I disassembled my setup , and have no photos.
Please interview tiger to give more details /practical advice regarding his setup.