HELIS integrates static HHO cell technology into a compact multifunctional Turbine Nozzle capable of Closed System Crossover.
Surface Area for HHO production is greatly increased and Voltage control of Series Resistors via Neutral Tubes is achieved. Parallel Amperage control is also achieved via each Nozzle Assembly creating an individual cell.
HELISA integrates HELIS into HELP / HELT Architecture.
RM :)
COMMENTARY:
Ok, so everyone knows by now I like to combine things to do two things at the same time...
We all know that the Tesla Turbine was initially designed to run on the expansive power of Steam.
So can we run it on Steam + Inert Fluid Pressure to produce the Electricity for HHO generation ?
Instead of a fire and a boiler we do it by cooking the Electrolyte... Electrically... dumping as much power as we can into the HELIS, while providing for the HHO generation needs of the HELP and HELT.
The Steam + Inert Fluid Pressure + HHO expansion is used to rotate the Turbine which powers the PMA.
As an added bonus, due to the CSC, we have an Energetic content in the form of HHO which can be released via combustion.
This HHO is combusted in the Wankel Rotary to continue Fuel generation after the DC Battery Bank and DC Motor comprising the HHO Priming Circuit are disconnected in order to achieve Self Sustaining Operation.
Question: Would the presence of Inert Steam prevent reliable combustion and Energetic exploitation of the HHO in the Wankel Combustion Chamber ?
Observation: The Kenetic Heater has proven that Cavitation of Water can be used as a power source ?
Question: What ratio of Inert Steam + Energetic HHO can be reliably combusted within a Rotary Engine Combustion Chamber ?
Observation: A spark can be suppressed via an Inert Liquids presence.
Observation: A Glow Plug combusts through Heat.
Discuss... :)
RM :)
Here is a method for constructing a HELI that is relatively compact and can be built with off the shelf components:
I have removed the Neutral tubes to simplify construction.
To begin you will need some 1/8" (0.125") Schedule 80 (S80S) 316 Seamless Pipe like found here (at a very good price;)
http://www.zx55.com/shopexd.asp?id=5085
This is normally bought in 6 Metre lengths so you will get a lot for your money!
OD 0.405" (10.29mm)
ID 0.215" (5.46mm)
Wall Thickness 0.094" (2.414mm)
Cut to length and then thread both ends with a Die like found here:
http://www.tapdie.com/
These are in my opinion the best dies you can buy in HQS Steel, straight from the manufacturer, and are what you need for working with 316.
Make a choice on what thread form you want to use. Taper threads (NPT and BSPT) will lock and seal but do not always align perfectly parallel, Parallel threads such as BSPP will not lock or seal themselves and I often Loctite them with a permanent grade, once aligned!. BSPP are often favoured in my designs when i need a little bit of play for alignment and then I loctite them solid, Taper are sometimes used depending on whether alignment is critical or not and what I am trying to do, ie. if I want a simple seal without sealant.
You will end up with a custom length that looks like this:
http://www.zx55.com/shopexd.asp?id=4461
(Note: 1/8" S80S Barrel Nipples can be hard to find so cutting your own can create self reliance and flexibility in design)
Also, You will probably need a longer Nipple to penetrate the turbine housing and get close to the Disc Stack.
One end of the longer Nipple you have made can be screwed into:
http://www.bearingboys.co.uk/1_4x1_8_stainless_steel_Reducing_Bush-24776-p
The reducing bush would be inside the housing, if you choose to follow my method of casting the housing they can be pre positioned at the correct angle before pouring the resin and will provide a permanent mount for the barrel nipple.
Now that should provide you with a DC Neg (-) tube that you can screw in and out if you need too.
The DC Neg (-) connection can also be made to the bush and hard wired into the housing structure with connections to the outside. The Nipple will make an electrical connection via the mating threads, Taper thread would work best for this, Parallel thread will be unreliable as it will be loose and vibrate.
We should now have a nipple with one free end connection, to this we screw on a 1/8" 316 150LB Tee:
http://www.colglo.co.uk/product.php?product=STSTA1896&category=218510401815
The bottom part of the Tee that comes off at a right angle will have a 1/8" Nylon Nipple:
http://www.premiair-pneumatics.co.uk/webcat/Detprod.asp?ProductCode=S010135
To this Nipple is screwed a Quick Release fitting either pneumatic or hydraulic depending on your preference. This will be the fluid inlet.
Now to the important bit... The "Insert"...
The insert MUST be centred exactly in the Nipple, to achieve this I suggest the following:
A Nylon Male Taper Nipple like the one above is screwed into the last remaining opening in the Tee, inline with the Barrel Nipple.
We then take our 3x7 size Round Spike:
http://www.crazy-factory.com/product_info.php?products_id=3231
And screw it onto a 50mm x 1.6mm loose bar bell pin:
http://www.crazy-factory.com/product_info.php?products_id=751
The pin then needs to be "sheathed"
To do this you must use brass telescoping tubing:
http://www.technobotsonline.com/materials/model-engineering-materials/round-tubing.html
2.38mm OD x 1.6mm ID fits the barbell perfectly, then sleeve out using the next largest size until you reach the ID of the Nylon Nipple. You may have to "swage" the last tube to get it to fit. Upon final assembly all the tubes and barbell are loctited into permanent position. You will have the opportunity to check the centering of the Round Spike before final fit by shining a light in the fluid inlet port and looking down the "barrel" to check there is equal distance between the Round Spike and the 316 Barrel Nipple ID. This is exactly the same process as examining the barrel of a gun. You guys in USA should have no problem with this bit ;)
The end of the barbell should be left sticking out enough so that it will fit through a central hole drilled in the end cap when the end cap is screwed onto the nylon nipple:
http://www.bearingboys.co.uk/stainless_1_8_inch_BSP_Hexagon_Blanking_Cap-24923-p
It is then secured with a nut which makes your positive connection:
http://www.crazy-factory.com/product_info.php?products_id=1457
1.6mm Nuts can be a pain in the ass to find but luckily the same site that provides the round spike and barbell provide the locking nuts! They have some interesting designs too so you could pimp your HELI lol :)
And there you go, thats how I was going to build it. It is not perfect, I would prefer the fluid inlet to be inline with the "insert" but this was the best I could do with off the shelf components. And it WILL work!
POINTS TO NOTE:
1) 1/8" S80S 316 Seamless hydraulic tubing will come in with a bore about 5.4mm, The round spike insert is 3mm OD.
(5.4-3) = 2.4mm
2.4mm/2 = 1.2mm
The gap between tube ID and spike OD is going to be about 1.2mm if perfectly centred.
Boundary layer is about 0.5mm (0.020") so the majority of the flow on both the tube ID and spike OD is going to be laminar with around 0.2mm in the centre being turbulent. This is acceptable for prototyping.
2) Schedule 40 pipe or bigger is recommended for threading, DO NOT USE Schedule 10, it is too thin and will be dangerous.
3) The Nylon nipples provide isolation of the circuit where necessary.
4) The round spike insert must go far enough into the tube so that the entire spike is "just inside", a couple of mm. This will create the correct compression phase.
5) The brass sheathing can provide support right up to 5mm from the spike providing rigidity and preventing vibration that might give us a short circuit and prevent fatigue of the barbell. Stainless Tubing can be used instead here is a good place. Note the sizes available... The same method described herein with some minor modifications can provide the Neutral Tubes ;)
http://www.steelexpress.co.uk/non-ferrous/stainlesssteel-seamlesstube.html#_316seamlessmetric
316L seamless metric and imperial is what you want to be looking at :)
6) The entire exposed HELI assembly is conducting electricity and we cannot afford sparks or short circuits so must be sheathed in heat shrink tubing or Liquid electrical tape:
http://www.plastidip.com/home_solutions/Liquid_Tape_-_Electrical_Insulation
7) Whether you want an entire HELI array wired in Parallel or a Single HELI dumping the entire PMA output through it is a range of possibilities that should be fun exploring.
8) My HELI resembles a jet nozzle because it is one, IF the HELP ever progresses to a point where it produces a gas mixture that comprises enough energetic content for reliable ignition be very carefull about pumping too many Watts across the "spark gap". You might just get a bang... and you DO NOT want that bang getting fired into the HELT at supersonic speed. You might just find you ended up with a PCT ;), not built to handle it, and blow yourself up. SO PLEASE BE CAREFULL!
9) I am particularly interested in what will happen along the Supersonic boundary layer of the DC - Tube inner wall. I do not believe anyone has experimented thus far with HHO production using a supersonic liquid.
10) I have been keeping an eye on my work via targeted searches ever since the HELT publication back in August last year. Up until now there has been no problem with availability. In the last few weeks my work has disappeared from search engines. It is still hosted on sites that have published it but you have to know its there to find it. Interesting.
I am wrapping it up there, I hope you all have 'carefull' fun with this :)
RM :)
1.6mm Nut (would not let me post it with the others, exceeded my limit)
A point to note that I forgot to mention is that the round spike insert WILL vibrate loose and unscrew itself and get fired into your disc stack at supersonic velocity!
This is undesirable. Normally I would say loctite the thing on permanent however we need it to make an electrical connection through "some" threads. Just a little drop on the very tip of the barbell at final assembly should hold it tight and at the same time allow some "clean" threads to make the connection.
Check it with a multimeter :)
People with machining abilities can come up with a better "one piece" design without this "threaded" flaw.
Just be mindfull that an insert coming loose will destroy your HELT disc stack.
RM :)
Lets talk a little bit about Boundary Layers:
When deciding on the spacing required for the HELP Disc Stack the diagram I have provided below may be of help to you...
Taking these one at a time:
Gap Spacing 0.25mm / 0.010"
We can see that 50% MECHANICAL Boundary Layer Compression is taking place. This means that a layer of liquid that "wants to be" 0.5mm / 0.020" thick is being forced via pumping to compress to half that size. Each Disc surface will "want to have" its own Boundary Layer but there is not enough room for that to occur and so the boundary Layers are "forced to cross" and produce Compressed Crossed Laminar Interference Flow.
Gap Spacing 0.50mm / 0.020"
We can see that there is room enough for one Boundary Layer between the Disc surfaces. This forces the "two" Boundary Layers to occupy the same space at the same time and creates 100% Crossed Laminar Interference Flow.
Gap Spacing 0.75mm / 0.030"
We can see that half of "two" individual Boundary Layers are forced to cross and create 50% Crossed Laminar Interference Flow. Along each Disc surface 50% of each Boundary Layer runs naturally and creates 50% Laminar Pure Flow.
Gap Spacing 1.0mm / 0.040"
The Boundary Layers along each Disc surface are spaced perfectly without interference and creates 100% Laminar Pure Flow along each Disc surface.
Gap Spacing 1.25mm / 0.050"
There is more room than the Boundary Layers along each Disc surface require and so 100% Laminar Pure Flow is created along each Disc surface and a region is created between them that is 100% Turbulent Flow.
Have a look here for some potential Nylon Washer Spacers in suitable Thickness Dimensions to prototype:
http://www.nylonalloys.co.uk/
Now, Nylon has a maximum operating temperature of about 80 degrees C before it softens. This is not ideal as the HELP being an Electro Lytic Heat Pump "may" go over this temperature. The same manufacturer does offer PolyPropylene Washers but the range available off the shelf is not suitable.
Polypropylene would be an acceptable solution for spacer shims as it has an operating temperature well in excess of 100 degrees C. If you can speak to a manufacturer they may make some for you at the required dimensions.
Alternatively get hold of some Polypropylene Sheet at the required thickness dimension and stamp your own using "sharpened" stainless steel seamless tubing and a mallet.
The goal in all this will be to experimentally test each "Disc Gap" for efficiency of conversion from Liquid to Gas. The resultant gas must then be tested for "Energetic Content". The simplest way to do this would be to run it into the combustion chamber of a Wankel Rotary and if the engine runs the resultant gas has "enough" Energetic Content. The Mini Wankel may be the easiest and cheapest way to test this and the Multi Spark Buzz Coil providing the ignition and timing.
Now, Lets talk about the HELI:
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES RUN THE HELP / HELIS / HELT TOGETHER UNTIL IT HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED WHETHER OR NOT THE HELI IS CAPABLE OF IGNITING THE RESULTANT GAS FROM THE HELP.
The reason this is important is because the HELT is producing HHO and any Ignition in the HELI is going to be fired at supersonic velocity into the HELT. The HELT IS NOT A COMBUSTION CHAMBER, it is a Turbine, and will not handle the stresses of combustion.
However, IF you were to run a standard Tesla Turbine, without the HHO producing aspect, then it may handle the stresses involved. The reason for this is that as the standard Tesla turbine does not produce HHO and is not an electronic circuit it can be made entirely out of Stainless Steel for the housing and components.
So a HELI that has a Multi Spark Buzz Coil discharging across the "spark gap" may provide the opportunity for Pulsed Combustion with the timing set by the magnet on the Standard Tesla Pulse Combustion Turbine. Alternatively you could use a High Voltage Ignition Coil from an automobile but would have to figure out a way to "time" it, like an old fashioned distributor cap. The other alternative is to use a large Capacitor discharge event, and once again figure out a way to time it.
I favour the Buzz Coil at present as it is cheap, available off the shelf, and comes as standard with a timing circuit.
The other possibility for the HELI is that if it can be lit a "constant burn" may result. Instantly vaporising any remaining "unconverted" liquid Electrolyte into Steam. The conversion to Steam "may" absorb the Heat from the HHO combustion and prevent a constant burn from "melting" your turbine. The other possibility is that the presence of the unconverted liquid water will simply put the flame out.
The Pulse Combustion Turbine may be more favourable as it leaves "a gap" between combustion pulses which may aid cooling, and makes the steady state burn unnecessary as it will be rapidly re-lit on each discharge from the ignition coil. IF reliable ignition from the HELI can be achieved.
Some things for you all to think about...
RM :)
Hi everyone,
I am going to add a little more information here that may help explain what I was trying to achieve with the HELP / HELT projects.
Here are two quotes from this Wikipedia page:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water
"High-temperature electrolysis (also HTE or steam electrolysis) is a method currently being investigated for water electrolysis with a heat engine. High temperature electrolysis is more efficient than traditional room-temperature electrolysis because some of the energy is supplied as heat, which is cheaper than electricity, and because the electrolysis reaction is more efficient at higher temperatures."
"High pressure electrolysis is the electrolysis of water with a compressed hydrogen output around 120-200 Bar (1740-2900 psi).[4] By pressurising the hydrogen in the electrolyser the need for an external hydrogen compressor is eliminated, the average energy consumption for internal compression is around 3%."
Tesla himself referred to his disc turbine as a heat engine, which helps us with the first quote, as that is what we need for steam electrolysis. It is also perfectly compatible for large surface area low pressure electrolytic pumping.
By directing the HELP output through a nozzle insert we create a very small area that all of the fluid must pass through. This area of maximum compression will be a much higher pressure than the HELP inter disc pressure and takes care of the second quote. We can choose to either use this high pressure to drive a HELT or terminate it in a HHO Resistor as documented in the AHELNI.
By adding tubular HHO technology and utilising the energy conversion properties of the nozzle insert I have also added supersonic fluid flow into the mix.
The end goal in all of this is to produce as a final product a "gas mixture" that has energetic content that can be detonated. I designed the Linear Firing Valve with this in mind.
The eventual system as I envision it will comprise of a HELP, a HELT or Resistor, and an LFV driving a PCT.
Hope that helps,
RM :)
Hello Everyone :)
HELT celebrated it's first birthday yesterday, and I cannot believe a year has passed! :)
I thought we might as well kick off this year with something exciting so I wanted to share PHELIS with you :)
PHELIS means Plasma Hydro Electro Lytic Injector System and will hopefully allow us to investigate Plasma phenomenon in the field of propulsion.
PHELIS and PHELISA are designed to process fuel on demand into a Gas Plasma and then utilise that fuel to create a Rotary moment.
All of the skills and knowledge you need to build PHELISA should have been covered thus far. This is the basic level PHELISA and many other variations and combinations of components and systems is possible.
For example you can combine the LFV and PHELIS into one component and utilise it in a Housingless Rocket Turbine, that uses solid state HHO cell technology and achieves working fluid compression via centrifugal force... no HELP needed! ;)
Hope you all have a great year and build yourself some awesome toys...
Some further reading:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_%28physics%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cleaning
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elmo%27s_fire
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_pinch
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterproperties.html
http://panacea-bocaf.org/plasmaelectrolysis.htm
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/MizunoTgeneration.pdf
RM ;D
RM
You most certainly have put a lot of research and hard work into this!!
It seems you have explained the "How its done" With some of the things that fly in our Upper atmosphere?
Amazing concept,How would you slow it down ;D?
Thanks
Chet
Hi everyone,
Just a quick commentary here to let you know the direction I was heading with all this...
As you can see PHELIS is a Closed System Crossover device and manipulates the energy states of both mechanical and energetic fluids, while allowing for precise control of both states at critical points.
It is well known that an electrical field increases in strength around a highly rounded tip, this is the lightning rod principle. It is also known that a Plasma can be formed from these tips when a kV range electricity signal creates ionization.
The idea behind PHELIS is to turn the HELIS insert into a gas processing and plasma producing insert. When combined with non return valves, timing actuators, expansion pressure flame speed differentiators, mechanical pulse width modulation via K valve pulsing, HELIS inverse nozzles and variable electrical signals, you end up with an extremely versatile design allowing control and experimentation of a huge range of variables.
As we can see in the PHELIS diagram the insert has been split into 3 electrodes:
The first on the parallel shaft section uses high electrical current to transform any remaining liquid into a gas of steam, water vapour, hydrogen and oxygen, via electrical dissociation of the molecular bonds.
The second electrode controls the area between maximum compression and maximum expansion, and can be used either in the kV range to ionize the gas before reaching the tip, or via a high voltage signal to generate ignition via a spark gap at the area of maximum compression, you could also use high current here to further electrically dissociate the liquid water into gas as it transitions from high pressure to high velocity. It may also be possible under certain conditions to generate a plasma toroid at the area of maximum compression.
The third electrode is at the tip and generates a highly focused electrical field in the kV range that ionizes the supersonic gas and creates a highly conductive cone region.
The key point to understand in all this is that manipulation of both the mechanical fluid system and energetic fluid system is taking place, at the same time in the same space.
It is going to be important to maintain a smooth surface between conductor and non conducting parts of the insert. Surface area will be less of a consideration here than in solid state designs such as dry cells. A smooth surface will be essential to maintain the mechanical properties of the system.
Plastic insulators can break down in a high temperature plasma environment and so you may want to look to spark plug technology for ideas on suitable materials. I think I would go with ceramic insulators and titanium conductors (with a suitable conductive metal electroplated surface).
I have included the electromagnetic pinch as a concept here but have not included it in the design. I originally planned to use an EM pinch to create the compression and expansion phases within the mechanical system but decided against it as the HELIS insert offers permanent control of the mechanical system via physical constants. The pinch concept may be included at a later date to induce vortex spin in the gas flow output and will be as simple as placing a coil around the parallel pipe housing and discharging a capacitor across it.
The pinch shown here is axial but it is possible to spin the can as well. If you imagine holding the can in your hands and then twisting both cans in opposite directions a torque moment will be created about the centre point. You can also spin the can in the same direction by using multiple coils and achieve the same effect as rifling has on a bullet, imparting stability to the flow.
It is early days for all of these concepts having never been researched before in this way and so place your focus on testing variables and producing reactions. Once you get a feel for what works and what does not you will have efficiency figures. At this point you can start scaling down in an effort to increase efficiency and reduce the energy required to generate the desired output. Remember to have lot's of fun ;D
As for the secrets behind the space planes flying in our upper atmosphere... well I do not know about them... All I do know is that if I had the resources this is the direction I would be going in an effort to create some wonderful toys :)
Some further reading:
http://www.fkf.mpg.de/kern/research/nanooptics/asnom/basics/lightningRodEffect.png/view.html
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/u8l4d.cfm
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/u8l4e.cfm
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/u8l3d.cfm#pointed
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_probe
http://www.seas.harvard.edu/crozier/PDFs/Yanshu_APL09.pdf
http://www.optics.rochester.edu/workgroups/novotny/papers/kappeler07a.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_rod
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdown_voltage
http://www.fkf.mpg.de/kern/research/nanooptics/asnom/basics/lightningRodEffect.png/view.html
http://www.peter-thomson.co.uk/tornado/fusion/Tornado_and_Ball_Lightning_to_Controlled_Nuclear_Fusion.html
http://nam.epfl.ch/pdfs/121.pdf
RM :)
I would suggest that like electrical current (an expanding force) and compressed air THRU a vortex tube device that there is a RETURN path that is cooling in the center of this plasma discharge and that each is moving as a vortex. The center contracting charge is vortexing in an opposite direction.
Hi Hope,
Good comment :)
I have considered compressed air in this device but it depends on application.
There are two potential modes of operation of PHELIS, the first is static, the second is dynamic.
In the case of the first the PHELIS is static and used to generate fluid velocity from pressure. When the charge is detonated the pressure inside the chamber will rapidly rise to thousands of PSI, the pressure will then drop rapidly as it is converted to fluid velocity. This is exactly the same principle as a rifle chamber works on. In this case the charge is detonated and rapidly builds chamber pressure, this pressure repels the bullet down the barrel. In the case of PHELIS there is no bullet, but the high speed fluid turns a rotor instead. The rotor will be repulsed by the fluid, and because it is fixed about a central pivot it will spin and create a torque moment about the shaft.
It “may†be possible to use multiple vortex venturis placed just after the area of maximum compression, which should then spiral around the tapered cone and create stability in the parallel flow region, as well as mixing the fuel charge with additional Oxygen oxidiser. I am unsure without data if the venturis will affect the energy conversion phases of subsonic to supersonic fluid. The other added benefit of air in the chamber will be the presence of Nitrogen which is very susceptible to Plasma formation. Therefore if you have a compressed air pump (such as a secondary boundary layer turbine running off the same shaft as the HELP) you can prime the chamber with Nitrogen and Oxygen, create a Plasma, inject the HHO charge into the Plasma and then detonate.
The second mode of operation of PHELIS is in the Housingless Rocket Turbine. This uses exactly the same principle of repulsion but this time the device is fixed directly to the pivot, and so spins with an equal and opposite force to the fluid resistance (either air which is a low resistance, or a repulsion plate in a secondary ring which is a high resistance). In this case the PHELIS is already moving at high speed and so no additional compressor is needed as the turbine itself is the compressor and air can be fed into the Plasma flow via a venturi in exactly the same way as a Scramjet does.
So there are lot's and lot's of options here. I do not imagine a single device being the same specification out of all the devices built. This has advantages in rapidly finding out what works and what does not, and spreads the cost amongst the community, but only if people decide to share their results when they have them.
Interestingly Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen all have very similar 1st ionization energies:
Hydrogen: 1312.0
Nitrogen: 1402.0
Oxygen: 1313.9
From this page:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements
“These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ/mol. This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions. The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion. “
This is handy because if you were to test your PHELIS in air and you were able to achieve a corona discharge from the tip then you can be sure that you have achieved the 1st ionization energy for both Hydrogen and Oxygen as well, both being lower than Nitrogen (which is 80% content of air).
Then we can have a look at what we already know about gas plasmas in everyday use:
http://www.gordonengland.co.uk/pft.htm
Some excerpts from the above page:
“Plasma flames for thermal spraying can produce temperatures around 7,000 to 20,000K far above the melting temperature (and vapour temperature) of any known material. The extreme temperature of the plasma is not the only reason for the effective heating properties. If for example helium gas is heated to around 13,000K without a plasma forming, it would have insufficient energy for normal plasma spraying. Nitrogen on the other hand heated to 10,000K going through dissociation and ionisation forming a plasma is an effective heating media for thermal spraying, being able to supply about six times more energy than an equal volume of helium at 13,000K. The plasma is able to supply large amounts of energy due to the energy changes associated with dissociating molecular gases to atomic gases and ionisation which occur with little change in temperature. “
“Nitrogen and hydrogen are diatomic gases (two atoms to every molecule). These plasmas have higher energy contents for a given temperature than the atomic gases of argon and helium because of the energy associated with dissociation of molecules. “
“Nitrogen is a general purpose primary gas used alone or with hydrogen secondary gas.
Nitrogen also benefits from being the cheapest plasma gas. Nitrogen tends to be inert to most spray material except materials like titanium.â€
“Hydrogen is mainly used as a secondary gas, it dramatically effects heat transfer properties and acts as anti-oxidant. Small amounts of hydrogen added to the other plasma gases dramatically alters the plasma characteristics and energy levels and is thus used as one control for setting plasma voltage and energy. “
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen
http://www.gordonengland.co.uk/ps.htm
Once detonated, the heat from the reaction will further transform the gases into plasma, and also should transform the water vapour and steam into plasma which creates energy in the process. So the basic idea behind it is to use lots of freely available Nitrogen and Oxygen from the air to prime the chamber and create a Plasma. Inject the fuel charge of Oxygen, Steam and Water Vapour and also the Primary Explosive which is Hydrogen. By detonating the Hydrogen it releases all of the energy available from the other gases and the mechanics of the PHELIS system does the rest converting this high static pressure to supersonic fluid velocity.
So yes... Air Venturis or compressor injection is a very good idea for lot's of reasons ;)
RM :)
I will make studies into this and use Walter Russell, Tesla, and a other can do peoples ideas to bend my mind a bit and see what I come up with on this front with you. Good night all.
KK This model still works with any element. There is a NATURAL path that all elements follow. This air thru a vortex tube model can be macro-ed or micro-ed and will separate atomic bonds. Similar to heat and cold air thru compressed air vortex tubes. We just need to learn how to make a electrical vortex or magnetic vortex or combination vortex. With three forces we should be able to make energy separate any bonds.
Hi everyone,
To add vortex spin to the parallel fluid flow is not entirely essential to begin with. It is something to look at in the future when you have a working PHELIS producing a thrust output.
Air will become essential to the system though and to understand why we need to examine each type of PHELIS in regard to it’s intended application.
In one example using PHELIS in the HRT it can be made to operate as a mini Scramjet. This means that it has an open intake port at the front in direction of travel that sucks in air and compresses it. It is at this point of maximum compression that fuel is injected. A Scramjet operates with a constant burn of 100% duty cycle. The resultant fuel / air mix is converted to a Plasma at the exhaust via the hot temperatures.
In the next example The PHELIS becomes an actuated valve on an HRT that closes to allow chamber priming and opens to allow detonation in a sequence that results in pulsed propulsion, or a duty cycle <100%.
In the next example the PHELIS is once again an actuated valve but is now static and not dynamic. This allows the fluid velocity output to be used as an input to a rotary turbine.
There are two options for the valve system… either the valve is timed with specific actuators opening and closing via an electrical impulse signal or the valve is automatic and operates on pressures generated in the firing cycle. The LFV is designed to be an automatic valve and is why I said I consider it to be the final evolution of the device. The solenoid actuated valve will be easier to make with off the shelf components, the LFV requires R&D to see if it works or not.
Now let’s talk about priming cycles and pressures…
If you are going to use an actuated valve version of PHELIS the following sequence must be followed:
1) Compressed air actuator valve opens, low pressure air is injected into the chamber, compressed air actuator valve closes. Chamber is now sealed.
2) Air is electrically HV and RF stimulated into a Nitrogen and Oxygen Plasma.
3) The Fuel Charge actuator valve opens, injecting high pressure Hydrogen, Oxygen, Steam and Water Vapour into the chamber. The valve then closes sealing the chamber. The charge then mixes with the Air Plasma and forms a further Plasma.
4) The charge is then detonated, creating a large static pressure increase in the chamber. The fluid is then converted to supersonic velocity via the ECV, which opens to allow the fluid flow generated to exhaust.
5) The cycle then repeats to produce a pulsed output.
In order for this to work you must maintain a pressure differential, or potential difference, between the different gas pressures. The low pressure air charge when injected will fill the chamber and the pressure will equalize. In this way you can control the amount of air volume in the chamber via the input pressure, as air is a compressible gas.
Once stimulated into Plasma the pressure inside the chamber will rise due to Plasma expansion.
The Fuel Charge must be injected at a higher pressure than the Air Plasma in the chamber. The two pressures will seek to balance and the non return valve will close when the pressures equalize.
You will now have a chamber that is part Air Plasma, part Fuel Plasma, and is at the same pressure, or higher pressure, as your Fuel Charge input pressure.
This charge can then be further stimulated into a Plasma Soup of variable content before detonation and subsequent energy conversion to fluid flow.
So, it will be possible to control the gas content ratios in the chamber, the chamber pressures, and the stimulation of the Plasma.
This will be a combination OU and Free Energy device. The power in will be used to generate the primary explosive (Hydrogen) which acts as the trigger, generate byproducts that will be used as part of the fuel charge (Oxygen, Steam, Water Vapour), open and close the valves, and stimulate the gas into Plasma before detonation. The Free Energy will come from the Air which is abundant and when stimulated into Plasma adds a lot of energy to the process.
I am really looking forward to efficiency figures for this device as it is potentially OU with more power out than in, and utilises a very abundant free energy source… Nitrogen!
Fingers crossed this will be both OU and Free Energy without breaking any rules ;)
RM