Hi all,
There is a spanish patent about an overunity generator filed in 1955 by David Hogan and Carlos Ludovik Jakovlewich (patent ES0225316) where authors clearly claim overunity performance. In this patent the intermediate "coil" is motionless and two moving magnets excite the induced circuit, one in each side of the intermediate "coil" (or "grid" as it is called in the patent text).
The only surprising feature is that induction is forced to appear between two opposite magnets (poles facing north-south) exciting an intermediate "grid".
I wonder if induction in case of using two opposite magnets is able to perform in overunity mode, compared with common induction, in generators, with just one magnet exciting the induced. The patent seem to be very simple to replicate. It is so simple that it is difficult to think about filing the patent just as a trial. It was very easy for the authors to build the generator, testit and see the results. I don´t have data whether the authors got this device running as claimed or not.
I attach the orginal patent in Spanish (pdf) but I have just translated the claims. With the claims and the drawings is easy to understand the configuration of the generator:
---------------------
CLAIMS SPANISH PATENT ES225316
The authors claim in this patent:
1) New electric generator characterized by the existence of series of discs, variable in number and in dimension, susceptible to host "magnets".
2) New electric generator according to claim 1 characterized in that the series of discs are mounted on a shaft in parallel arrangement ; the shaft rests on its sides over bearings. This arrangement of supporting bearings allows its extension if required.
3 ) New electric generator according to claims 1 and 2, wherein the "magnets" located in the discs must be placed parallely on the shaft. These discs, spaced, will allow that the poles of the magnets (magnetos) of each disc are facing "north-south" (opposition of poles).
4) New electric generator according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that between the discs (series of two) a stationary or fixed screen or sieve (grids) of copper wire or any other electroconductive material, enamelled and covered with insulation, is placed.
----------------------------------
In the description it is clearly stated that the authors are describing an overunity generator where a part of the energy produced could be used to power the machine and the rest could be used externally for other uses.
.
Hi Folks !! Some people beginning to work on it, first test promising, still a lot to do
Hi all,
The most intriguing fact is that the Hogan - Jakovlewich overunity generator is based on the same concept as one of the patents from Clemente Figuera. One of the designs by Figuera (Spanish Patent No. 30376, the generatorn with a rotary coil) is also based on the concept of placing the induced coil between two inducer electromagnets.
In Figuera´s generator the stationary part are the electromagnets and the moving part is the induced coil
Again we find that Figuera also proposed a induced circuit placed BETWEEN TWO OPPOSITE MAGNETS.
Would we find some special behaviour in this kind of arrangement?
I attach the link to the Figuera´s patent No. 30376:
http://www.alpoma.com/figuera/figuera_30376.pdf (http://www.alpoma.com/figuera/figuera_30376.pdf)
.
hello hanon
would you please attach here a PDF with the full patent, or a link to download it ?
In the image you posted the disc magnets seem to be magnetized diametrically, and the induced seems to
be winded through the full diameter. . . very intriguing
thanks
Alvaro
Hi Alvaro,
I had posted the patent text in PDF in the first post of this thread. The file is just linked in the upper part of the drawing in post #1
IMO, Maybe the key in this device is the configuration of the intermediate "grid" (as they called), because the author did not give any details of this "grid" in the whole patent text. (radial?, circular?,...)
Regards
@Hanon: thanks, I missed it.
@pedro: this toroidal coil in your pic, is it with an iron core or wood core ?
In your tests do you get AC or variable DC ?
I,m working myself in a small scale prototype made with junk parts out of two car starter motor electromagnets, and two magnets from a microwave oven.
I can see you already got neo magnets, in case you need a provider,
there is a german company with cheap prices (sent by post for just 9 €) http://www.supermagnete.es/index.php
saludos
Alvaro
Hi Alvaro, are you Spanish?
Yes i bought the magnets at this site but are many also in Spain and more fast to deliver.
I tried both air core and iron core, with the air core you must to make an wood coil about 2 cm wide or more if not coil will not produce, if you don't use diodes of course its AC. Iron core is best the problem is that you must to build a strong center coil frame supporter otherwise you'll have a lot of problem with magnets.
Definitively the coil must to be radial, if you do a little research you'll find that the magnetic field out of a toroidal radial coil is zero. This is not the case of Rodin coil and others. This is not new guys toroidal coil generators have been around since 1850's and they are the best for free energy cause it doesn't matter if you take 5w, 50w or 500w its always the same torque in the rotor.
I'm now in other projects and don't have a lot of time but if someone is interested go for it, it will take you a couple of hundred hours but i will work as claimed in the patent, I don't know other free energy generator as simple, cheap and easy to build as this.
Hi pedro
yes spanish living in Malaga (born Valencia)
may you post the link to your mags provider in Spain ? (or mail me or also we can speak via phone)
saludos
Alvaro
Quote from: hanon on July 09, 2014, 03:59:53 AM
Hi all,
The most intriguing fact is that the Hogan - Jakovlewich overunity generator is based on the same concept as one of the patents from Clemente Figuera. One of the designs by Figuera (Spanish Patent No. 30376, the generatorn with a rotary coil) is also based on the concept of placing the induced coil between two inducer electromagnets.
In Figuera´s generator the stationary part are the electromagnets and the moving part is the induced coil
Again we find that Figuera also proposed a induced circuit placed BETWEEN TWO OPPOSITE MAGNETS.
Would we find some special behaviour in this kind of arrangement?
I attach the link to the Figuera´s patent No. 30376:
http://www.alpoma.com/figuera/figuera_30376.pdf (http://www.alpoma.com/figuera/figuera_30376.pdf)
.
Almost there hanon ! Something seems broken in picture though ; how is the interior excitary electromagnet powered ? It should be on not movable frame tied back with external excitary electromagnets, probably connected in series of many wires but enough to get strong magnetic field yet with moderate amperage.That is first essencial part, second is to rotate fast the drum-coil. Almost no Lenz drag. I see it in my mindperfectly , it's very efficient.
Hogan and Jakovlewich generator seems to be like two homopolar generators one in front of each other, with opposite poles in each side of the intermediate grid.
I wonder if this configuration with two homopolar generators will get any special effect which may avoid any dragging on the inducer discs.
I haven´t yet had time to test it
@hanon:
It's not clear to me if the center "grid" is one continuous coil? How do you have yours?
sincerely,
truesearch
Hi all,
I have translated the whole patent text from the Hogan Jakovlewich document into english in order that anyone may read it and understand it.
Please have a look. Really interesting !!!
Regards,
hanon
Hi all,
I think that the principle under Hogan and Jakovlewich generator is the same as in one of the Clemente Figuera´s patent. I am referring to Figuera´s patent Nr. 30376 (year 1902), the one with the rotary induced circuit and stationary internal and external electromagnets (Link to pdf (http://www.alpoma.com/figuera/figuera_30376.pdf)).In this patent a SINGLE MOVING WIRE crosses between TWO OPPOSITE MAGNET POLES. According to Figuera´s patent text this configuration produces electricity without dragging the movement of the induced wire.
The key for avoiding dragging is the use of two opposite poles to generate the induction in the intermediate wire: N -- | -- S ; in contrast with common generators with just one pole exposed to the induced wire.
1- A wire is settle into a moving magnet system, between two opposite poles: North and South
2- As a consequence an induce current will appear in the wire
3- This induced current generates a magnetic field (B) around the wire
4- One pole (let´s say N pole) will repel the wire because of magnetic repulsion with the magnetic field in the wire (creating a drag). But the other pole ( S pole in our example) will attract the wire (magnetic attraction between the S pole and the wire)
5- Therefore the net sum of both forces (repulsion + attraction) will be null and the wire finally will be moved without any drag while at the same time will generate an induced current.
6- The force of repulsion suffered in one disc (magnet 1) and the force of attraction done in the other disc (magnet 2) will be transmited to the common shaft. Therefore the net sum over the shaft will be cancelled and the machine will rotate without any drag.
I think it is as simple as explained here. Figuera also stated that he could not believe how such a simple principle had not been used before him.
Hogan and Jakovlewich patent requires two opposite magnets instead of just one. All Figuera´s patents are based also on the induction created between two electromagnets, instead of common induction with just one pole exposed. IMHO, This is the key of his discovery.
I attach an sketch with the representation of this principle. Please study this sketch and tell your comments. Both patents (Figuera and Hogan & Jakovlewich) share the same principle, and both patent are representing an overunity generator withoudt dragging. Please have a look into Figuera thread in the next link:
http://www.overunity.com/12794/re-inventing-the-wheel-part1-clemente_figuera-the-infinite-energy-machine/msg413741/#msg413741 (http://www.overunity.com/12794/re-inventing-the-wheel-part1-clemente_figuera-the-infinite-energy-machine/msg413741/#msg413741)
Hanon, you really find some amazing stuff. Thanks for translating and sharing so much information.
After reviewing the patent and going over the Lorentz force associated with it, I decided to draw my interpretation of how it should be made. I noticed in the patent, the final drawing with the "grid" and the + and -, I think they purposely drew it to be misleading... as we know with a homopolar generator, the current will only move radially, and, if it were made as it was drawn would produce no results. However, with a rectangular coil mounted coaxially on the shaft, current will be generated. The coil would resemble a flat, rectangular, pancake coil.
This makes me laugh at all the time I spent thinking about homopolar generators and trying to achieve more voltage. This design is so simple, and stackable, and because voltage is related to velocity, this could really be a powerful generator.
About your thoughts on a dragless rotor... You may be right. To me, it seems the fields ahead of the wire would drag it, while the fields behind the wire would accelerate it. If the two are equal, which they are, they should cancel. Just my thoughts.
I think the easier implementation is just with one simple grid (normal grid) between two disc. Each disc having the same pole in its whole area.
This is a disc with all N poles and the opposite with S poles in order to produce DC
Figures in patent some times try to mislead. I agree with you that the "grid" in the patent sketch must be wrong. The important part is not the figures but the device described in the claims which is the part that has legal validity
Regards
A user in another thread has related this generator to magnets placed in Siberian Colia Configuration:
http://www.overunity.com/15083/the-new-generator-no-effect-counter-b-emf-part-2-selfrunning/msg424465/#msg424465 (http://www.overunity.com/15083/the-new-generator-no-effect-counter-b-emf-part-2-selfrunning/msg424465/#msg424465)
This video collect the foundation of these devices:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtiMQPeYJrQ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtiMQPeYJrQ)
Between two magnets there is a "dead zone" or "potential well" where the repulsion of one magnets is counteracted with the attraction of the other: one magnet repels and one magnet attracts. Therefore the net result force is null and the iron/magnet/conducting wire can be moved without cogging along the middle zone.
No dragging: this is the resulting force of the two force components, but induction is always present because there is a strong magnetic field.
That´s the magic of using two magnets instead of just one!!
N
| (N-N = repulsion)
|_________N Net force = 0
| (S-N = attraction)
|
S
Магнитная яма Геннадий Васильевич Николаева из 6 магнитов.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAm2mv50Uko
Magntic pit or Magnetic Hollow or Magnetic Pocket by Gennadiy Vasilevich Nikolaev,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZbDhx6earA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PINTYbsOYVw
more videos
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0
.........................................................................
ps: Magntic pit is very old discovery of Gennadiy Vasilevich Nikolaev - and could not be explained except Scalar Magnetic Field - 2nd Mag.Filed which is THE SOURCE OF OVERUNITY in all OVERUNITY devices including properly tunned Tesla Transformers (not like arcs, streamers or corona discharge generator as we usually see).
Scalar Magnetic Field is cooling down conductor and space volime where exist Scalar Magnetic Flow. Has non-electrical properties unlike B-filed. Mst simplest way to get Scalar Magnetic Field is volumetric sum of two vector magnetic fileds H with opposite sign. Shortly use properly constructed bucking coils (partnered coil as somebody here call) to generate Scalar Magnetic Field.
Enjoykin,
Thank you very much for spreading the work of Nikolaev into this forum. It is a pity that there is very few info in english about this scientist. I have collected very good info about him in this thread from the moment you post the first info about Nikolaev : [size=78%]http://www.overunity.com/14711/is-faradays-induction-law-correct/msg442544/#msg442544 (http://www.overunity.com/14711/is-faradays-induction-law-correct/msg442544/#msg442544)[/size]
I think Nikolaev could be in the right path and I would like to study more in depth his theory. I think current EM theory is missing a part of the physical behaviour.
You said that the easiest way to get the scalar magnetic field is with two H-field of opposite sign: are you refering to two magnets with like poles facing each other (N-N or S-S) or two magnets with opposite poles facing each other (N-S) ? Is there any other requirement to get this scalar field ?
Apart from Hogan Jakovlewich patent there is another patent from Clemente Figuera that is quite similar to this one. I do not know if you know this patent: [size=78%]http://www.alpoma.com/figuera/figuera_30376.pdf (http://www.alpoma.com/figuera/figuera_30376.pdf)[/size] Please tell me your opinion about this patent. Figuera was a well known engineer , and he appeared in newspapers for having a generator using the "atmospheric energy"
The magnetic pit is also used in the design of Maglev to levitate the trains: the repulsion and attraction forces are compensated
Hello Hanon - thank you for reply. !!
I have not studied great inventor Clemente Figuera patents. Nor Maglev invention so i can't make any conclusions.
About configuration of Scalar and Vector magnetic field i was answered here in topic "Partnered Output Coils".
http://www.overunity.com/15395/partnered-output-coils-free-energy/msg447021/#msg447021
http://www.overunity.com/15395/partnered-output-coils-free-energy/msg447055/#msg447055
ps: There is also link of Nikolaev Gennadiy Vasilevich Lifework - The Electrodynamics of Physical Vacuum !! I was uploaded on forum. !!
Reg.
Enjoykin !!
Wow! Great guys ! I really like to see if somebody could make a simple yet costly experiment building small maglev track in shape of closed circle with permanent magnets and put a small model of maglev inside. How long that would run on single push ?
Then try it again with maglev model having around coils and inside a capacitor and a bulb to see current generated.Again how long that would run ?
Hi Enjoykin,
Thank you for bringing us the info about Nikolaev. I was so fascinated by your posts about Nikolaev that I started to research across the net for info about Gennady Nikolaev and Marinov. I found a link to his 2003 book in text format (not scanned, but in ASCII format). Book: "Modern electrodynamics and the causes of its paradoxical nature. Theories, Experiments, Paradoxes"[/font]
http://www.doverchiv.narod.ru/Nikolaev/Nikolaev_modern_electrodynamics.htm (http://www.doverchiv.narod.ru/Nikolaev/Nikolaev_modern_electrodynamics.htm)
I thought that it was important to have this book in english language to spread the knowledge of Nikolaev into the world. So, I used Google Translator to get a version in english and I posted the PDF file in the next link:
http://www.overunity.com/14711/is-faradays-induction-law-correct/msg442869/#msg442869 (http://www.overunity.com/14711/is-faradays-induction-law-correct/msg442869/#msg442869)
(see the pdf attached in the botton of that post)
If you know of more Nikolaev´s books in text format please tell me and we could make the same in order to spread his work.
I found two videos about his theory in Youtube but I do not understand what they do in those videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avvVH6xspIE (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avvVH6xspIE)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HhLsDWXDaWM (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HhLsDWXDaWM)
(Comment of this video: "Scalar magnetic field is orthogon[/font][/size]al to the vector magnetic field.Where we have maximum voltage vector field, we have a minimum voltage of the scalar" )
Regards
Hello Hanon - thank you for your research and reply !!
The name of Gennady Vasilevich Nikolaev (1935-2008) is not unknown to western science at all - but his work at western was classified.
Belive me they already have made all translations of his lifework to many western languages
(professional translations of all his science books) but they don't have intention to put his knowledge into the world because that new knowledge can bring mankind Free Energy. So they (official science mainstream) using very simple tactic. Keep their mouths shut and act like all hypocrites do - pretend never heard anything about him and his lifework. Same worth for Dr. Stefan Marinov lifework and his science books.
In his lifetime Gennady Nikolaev has several conferences precisely presentations of his science work to western science. Of course all of them were closed for public - Top classified !!
But now time is coming for presentation his remarkable knowleadge to the world.
His remarkable book "Un-paradoxical Electrodynamics" need to study every serious researcher and inventor of free energy, every 22-century physicist - because with this new knowleadge mankind can make a giant step into the future and long jump into the deep space.
GENNADY NIKOLAEV WORK IS A NEW PARADIGMA PHYSICS OF 22 CENTURY !! IT IS A REVOLUTIONARY NEW SCALAR PHYSICS AND UN-PARADOXICAL WITH EXPERIMENTS AT CURRENT LEVEL OF MANKIND EVOLUTION !!!!
............................
On these links you will find a lot of his books you can download and make OCR conversion.
Полезные книги и материалы по Физике
http://www.microsmart.eu/index.php?PHPSESSID=9b240e04d2a6ded60da1f5abb7257d1a&topic=24.0
and also books of his science work followers А.К. Томилин and Р.Г. Сигалов
............................
Электродинамика А.К. Томилина
http://www.microsmart.eu/index.php?PHPSESSID=9b240e04d2a6ded60da1f5abb7257d1a&topic=25.0
............................
Электродинамика Р.Г. Сигалова
http://www.microsmart.eu/index.php?PHPSESSID=9b240e04d2a6ded60da1f5abb7257d1a&topic=26.0
............................
К Н И Г И Г.В. Николаева
http://www.microsmart.eu/index.php?PHPSESSID=9b240e04d2a6ded60da1f5abb7257d1a&topic=24.0
1. Непротиворечивая электродинамика. Теория, эксперименты, парадоксы. Книга 1. Томск, 1997 год.
2. Научный вакуум. Кризис в современной физике. Есть ли выход? Новые концепции физического мира. Томск, 1999 год.
3. Тайны электромагнетизма и свободная энергия. Новые концепции физического мира. Издание 2-е, дополненное. Томск, 2002 год.
4. Современная электродинамика и причины её парадоксальности. Перспективы построения непротиворечивой электродинамики. Теории, эксперименты, парадоксы. Издание 2-е, дополненное. Томск, 2003 год.
[5. Электродинамика физического вакуума. Новые концепции физического мира. Томск, 2004 год.
............................
С Т А Т Ь И
http://www.microsmart.eu/index.php?PHPSESSID=9b240e04d2a6ded60da1f5abb7257d1a&topic=24.0
Экспериментальные парадоксы электродинамики
Почему хоронят изобретение альтернативных источников электроэнергии
СВОБОДНАЯ ЭНЕРГИЯ - БЕЗПЛАТНО!
ПОЧЕМУ БОЙКОТИРУЮТ ВЕЧНЫЕ ДВИГАТЕЛИ
............................
ps: Use the best OCR program ABBYY FINEREADER 12 or higher for conversion from djvu to pdf, word etc. formats. I wish you luck !! All the best !! :)
Regards
Enjoykin
Hello,
I've been reading things about Gennady Nikolaev, Russian scientist who proposed an amendment to the electromagnetic equations of Maxwell to include the existence of longitudinal waves. He demonstrated experimentally the existence of these waves (there are several videos on Youtube but they are in Russian ... and I do not understand). They are longitudinal waves are those waves used in Tesla´s power wireless transmission. This scientific postulates that a second magnetic field, a magnetic field scalar not predicted by the current equations which predict only a transverse magnetic field. This field is the one that says that accommodates all overunity systems. It seems that his designs to get this field require two magnets with opposite poles very close.
For me in this patent used TWO magnets. Among them, in the center, it is placed the induced circuit. Using two magnets located very close is related to the proposed Nikolaev ideas.
Look what Nikolaev tells us:
Top photo: "In the middle of two magnets with the opposite poles (situated in one plane) the total vectorial magnetic field vector is zero, which is proven by the absence of magnetic interaction between magnets and a ferromagnetic material. This ferromagnetic material is placed in the space where usual magnetic field is zero. However, in the space where the total vector magnetic field vector of the two magnets is zero, the total value of the scalar magnetic field of the two magnets is maximum. In spite of this fact, the magnetic scalar field between magnets is maximum, this field does not interact with ferromagnetic materials. That is why the ferromagnetic material on the tray is not attracted to magnets. However if we create electric currents (or equivalent Amper´s currents of this double magnet) in this space, where usual magnetic field is zero, than under the action of longitudinal interactions of these currents with the total magnetic field of the magnets scale the forces of attraction or repulsion appear"
Bottom photo: "It is a device to demostrate the existence of longitudinal electromagnetic waves. Two loop antennas are emitting the antipodal waves. That is why the total signal of transverse electromagnetic waves in the plane between the loops is equal to zero. However, the longitudinal electromagnetic waves have the maximal value in the plane between the loops. These waves are easily recorded by the loop antennas, even in spite of fact that the plane of the loop antennas appears to be perpendicular to the plane of polarization vector of transverse electromagnetic waves. Any registration of transverse electromagnetic waves is impossible in this case. "
----
This scalar field is allowing this rare effect between three magnets: the creation of a magnetic coupling or well where the attraction and repulsion are canceled:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtiMQPeYJrQ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtiMQPeYJrQ)
Also look at the zoomed picture that I post below
Watch carefully this patent:
https://www.google.com/patents/CA2368426A1 (https://www.google.com/patents/CA2368426A1)
Permanent magnet electrical generator with improved efficiency
Patent CA 2368426 A1
by Bud T.J. Johnson (Filed in 2002)
It is basically the same as Hogan-Jakovlewich patent
...
Quote from: hanon on August 09, 2014, 06:25:40 AM
Hi all,
I think that the principle under Hogan and Jakovlewich generator is the same as in one of the Clemente Figuera´s patent. I am referring to Figuera´s patent Nr. 30376 (year 1902), the one with the rotary induced circuit and stationary internal and external electromagnets (Link to pdf (http://www.alpoma.com/figuera/figuera_30376.pdf)).In this patent a SINGLE MOVING WIRE crosses between TWO OPPOSITE MAGNET POLES. According to Figuera´s patent text this configuration produces electricity without dragging the movement of the induced wire.
The key for avoiding dragging is the use of two opposite poles to generate the induction in the intermediate wire: N -- | -- S ; in contrast with common generators with just one pole exposed to the induced wire.
1- A wire is settle into a moving magnet system, between two opposite poles: North and South
2- As a consequence an induce current will appear in the wire
3- This induced current generates a magnetic field (B) around the wire
4- One pole (let´s say N pole) will repel the wire because of magnetic repulsion with the magnetic field in the wire (creating a drag). But the other pole ( S pole in our example) will attract the wire (magnetic attraction between the S pole and the wire)
5- Therefore the net sum of both forces (repulsion + attraction) will be null and the wire finally will be moved without any drag while at the same time will generate an induced current.
6- The force of repulsion suffered in one disc (magnet 1) and the force of attraction done in the other disc (magnet 2) will be transmited to the common shaft. Therefore the net sum over the shaft will be cancelled and the machine will rotate without any drag.
I think it is as simple as explained here. Figuera also stated that he could not believe how such a simple principle had not been used before him.
Hogan and Jakovlewich patent requires two opposite magnets instead of just one. All Figuera´s patents are based also on the induction created between two electromagnets, instead of common induction with just one pole exposed. IMHO, This is the key of his discovery.
I attach an sketch with the representation of this principle. Please study this sketch and tell your comments. Both patents (Figuera and Hogan & Jakovlewich) share the same principle, and both patent are representing an overunity generator withoudt dragging. Please have a look into Figuera thread in the next link:
http://www.overunity.com/12794/re-inventing-the-wheel-part1-clemente_figuera-the-infinite-energy-machine/msg413741/#msg413741 (http://www.overunity.com/12794/re-inventing-the-wheel-part1-clemente_figuera-the-infinite-energy-machine/msg413741/#msg413741)
I used to think this must be right but it's not. I see "logic" of the poster but in reality wire doesn't see two poles, there is single field and wire is repelled from it on approach and attracted when leaving it, just as the opposite is true, if we placed that single wire in the field and let the current through it, it would be ejected according to lorenz force aka left hand rule up or down depending on the direction of the current.
At least that's what seems to be the case. The question remains what did Figuera really do.
Quote from: nix85 on May 26, 2020, 04:37:27 PM
At least that's what seems to be the case.
Not only that seems to be the case, that is most definitely the case.