I based my design on the mechanical device, where the sum of energy is not constant : https://overunity.com/17886/length-of-a-helix-vs-composition-of-forces/msg526432/#new
I try to imagine the analogy of the mechanical device to create the energy from the electromagnetic device. The mechanical device has several advantage: it is easy to verify in theory, it is logic, no interaction but in practice it is not easy to build due to friction. I can simplify the calculations because I took simplifications: no friction and no external gravity. The mechanical devices create the energy with external gravity and friction but it is more complex to calculate, I don't need use the gravity. The electromagnetism device must be easy to build, but not easy to calculate because there are electromagnetic interaction. The goal, here, is to find a good analogy from my mechanics to electrics. The mechanical device has a big potential kinetics energy, so the friction is in relation with that value, but the energy created is only 1 maybe 2 or 3 % of the sum of the potential kinetics energy stored. So, the friction will prevent to verify in practice the device, unless to be on a laboratory: low pressure of gas, very good ceramic rolling-element bearing and with gravity the friction is not small or maybe use a fluid. But the electromagnetic device is easier to build and easier to use in handled device like cars or smartphone for example. Even the stored energy is big compared to the energy created, it is lightweight. With sinus alternative voltage, the losses can be low. Greater the frequency is, greater the energy is created. But to verify it is not necessary to have more than 10 kHz like that the measures are very precises. I don't use high voltage, nor high current nor high frequency (the device can works at 50 Hz).
The analogy tries to respect the mechanical device. The angles are not really important because I calculated a lot of couple of angles and the sum of energy is not conserved. I think the current inside each big copper ring can be the same. The ferrite core is not necessary and the energy created is lower but the signals are always sinus, the device to measure the power has a bandwidth and with a sinus, it is possible to be under 10 kHz.The electronic device to recover the energy is not necessary in theory and in practice: the device will burn the copper because the current will increase to the infinite, so it is easy to verify, but be careful. There are 2 generators of tension, sinus or any others kind of shape like square of triangle. One generator for the big rings and one generator for the violet rings. For the geometry, it is important to respect the direction of the current on the small rings because the current must cancel themselves their field (from each others). But the violet rings are like standard rings, I mean the current turns in the same direction (clockwise for example) for one half period.
The generator of the big rings can be with a fixed voltage 10*sin(wt) V for example but the second must to be variable to have time to measure something.
Nothing moves in that electromagnetic device ! The mechanical device rotates but here, it is the current that rotates. So nothing moves nor rotates.
To test: change the voltage and the phase angle of the secondary generator (violet rings) and measure the sum of the power of the generators 1 and 2. Estimate the losses in the copper.
Another solution: recover an energy from the genertor 2, less and less like the image s958d shows. It is easier. After, recover more energy ? yes, I think.
It is a device very easy to build and to verify, I'm waiting the material to test but if someone is interesting, he's welcome to test. Again, it is not a design like that, it is based on my mechanical device, and the equations are there. I will try to simulate it today but I prefer real results. I think the primary generator must only give a constant energy, maybe the primary generator gives less and less energy because the flux is giving from the secondary generator for free but if the device works like the mechanicals, it seems, the energy from the primary generator is needed at start like a potential kinetics energy. In my mechanical device I give a rotation and after the inertia let that rotation like before (without friction), here, I think the primary generator will give an energy at start and after it is a reactive energy only. But if I use the electronic device to recover the energy I need to recover the energy created, not the potential kinetics energy from the primary generator. I don't know the efficiency of that device, not easy to calculate (not like the mechanical device), there are losses, heating, RF losses, losses in the core and losses increases with the deterioration of the signal if the core is not linear. Heating from the resistance of the copper can be determinate if the signal is at low frequency. So, I think the best is to test without any core, at low frequency and at low current compared to the diameter of the copper used for the primary and the secondary generators. To test, it is possible to forgive the electronic device to recover the energy, if it works the copper will fuse even with a limited power from the sum of the generators. For me, the primary generator gives an energy but the secondary generator recovers an energy it must be used like that, because in the analogy with the mechanical device. Maybe the phase angle must be necessary to adjust.
I drew the direction of the current in a half period. In the other period the direction is the contrary.
If a core is used, it is possible to close it to increased the inductance to a real device, but for test it is better without the core unless to use a ferrite core and with a low frequency compared to the limit of the core bandwidth.
The image shows the 3d model I will simulate.
The primary and the secondary voltage sinus give an energy to the coil1 and coi2. If the energy created is greater than the losses and it is possible at low frequency without any core just to test, it is possible to decrease the energy that the primary coil gives, But decrease just very few energy at a time, because the energy comes from the geometry it takes time to stop the energy of the primary coil. But the current must be the same in all the coils, compared to start, like that the losses are the same but the generators gives nothing. It is just to simplify the test.
I think I need only one source for the generator because the surface of the coil2 is adjustable, so I can adjust the force I give to the circuit.
The problem with the electric analogy is the reference. In the mechanics device, I apply a torque from a the rotating disk, so I need to apply the voltage on the secondary coil from the reference of the primary coil. For the mechanical device, if I apply the force from the ground, it doesn't work. I need to take the power from the primary coil, it is important. The flux from the primary coil must be changed due to the presence of the secondary coil (input energy).
I give a second geometry.
Maybe more like that, I'm not sure if the current of G2 must in phase or opposite of the current of C1. I added some images.
I think it is more and more like the mechanical device.
I think the device is easier like the image shows. It is like the mechanical device I think.
I think I need only one generator G1 for C1 because the inductance is proportional to the aire and the aire is link with the radius at square exactly like the mechanical device, the energy of the mass is mr²*w.
I don't think for now there is necessary to rotate around 'z' C2 or even the part of C1 around C2. But maybe.
I don't move C2 so maybe G1 gives the power but C2 gives a power to G2. The efficiency of the mechanical device changes with the method, I think it is the same here.
Be careful, in the mechanics device the energy created is small in comparaison of the potential energy in kinetics rotation: maybe 1% maybe more it depends of the geometry, so the losses in mechanics are always greater than 1%, it not possible to measure outside a lab under low pressure and especially because there is gravity the friction on the rolling element can't be ignored. Here, it is the same, but I think the energy in C1 is only reactive, just take care of the resistance of C1, the magnetisation of the air is reactive. The energy created is small, so don't use high frequency, nor high current, nor high voltage, nor core even ferrite give non linear shape so it is transformed in high frequency in Fourier decomposition and the oscilloscope/multimeter won't measure well, even the values would say the energy is created, it is not possible to conclude, use low frequency, so the voltage from electric utility is the better if you have a good transformer, don't recover any power from the device more than it can create (I mean the device I think it can create the energy) like that the transformer works at low power and it is better for the linearity inside the magnetic of the transformer. I think the pure sinus from a converter DC->AC is not pure and will give high frequency harmonics or unless you use a filter, but the filter can change the reactive power in the device it depends of the current absorbed by the device. Like that the measure even small is detectable and the bandwidth of the oscilloscope can't be in default. If the energy created is small but all the device is linear, it is easy to calculate it after to verify. Trace the energy created in function of the frequency, add the decomposition in Fourier to see the shape of the frequencies. Be careful where you pose your device: not under metallic, far away from metallic source, even the DMM, it will change the result. The oscilloscope or a frequency analyser must be used to verified the bandwidth of the frequencies of the input and out signal, after it is possible to use a multimeter with a good precision, 1% maximum. Take care of frequency input, to prevent radio losses, a low frequency is required, in the contrary a lot of energy is lost (it is not a lost but you can't measure the power of the radio signal so it is a lost in the measure and if the energy created is small, it could be lower than the RF power because it is essentially C1 that gives the power). To prove the device works, it is necessary to create the energy. And to prove it, it is necessary to have an energy created more than 3 times higher than the sum of all the precisions: basic error, temperature, aging electronic. Make differents measures with different input can eliminate some problem of measure but not all.
Note: I think the G2 must be replace by a resistor (recover an energy by heating) because if I compare with the mechanical device, I don't move C2 and in this case if I use a generator I destroy the energy. So, it more easy to verify. R must be small, maybe put the coil C2 in short circuit, just to try the value of the current. The wire to measure the power from R or G2 must be fixed on the device, like that the measure is not changed by the path of the wire of measurement.
After, it is important to test again with a Faraday cage around the device, like that, it is not possible to recover an energy from the outside (radio, wifi, 4g, etc). The cage don't be to close to the device at least half meter around.
I drew only a wire for C1 or C2 but it could be severals wires, 1000 or more. It is better for the measure of the power. Maybe it is possible to test with an iron core but with a good core: composed of thin layer of pure iron and separated by a thin layer of isolation. A good material: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_metal
If you understood the mechanical device, the energy recovered when the spring push exist only a transcient time ! so here, it is the same, but I think I don't need any interrupteur because the current is positive and negative the half period after. So, it is a good thing to use an alternative current. It is not possible to do that with the mechanical device: imagine to change the direction of rotation. It is great because an interrupteur will give problems with signal and G1 would need to recover an energy, the signals would be with high harmonics, and I don't want to test.
That device is a transformer.
The violet triangle C2 must receives a flux from C1 to give a power, if you look the VIEW1, the violet triangle has no flux from the area of the red triangle if it is build with that goal. With my analogy with the mechanical device, the bolt don't turn around itself, so the sum of flux inside the red triangle in the direction oz 'z' can be at 0 (the flux from C1 not C2), for that I need to adjust with the outer red wire of coil: maybe I don't need the 2 last external wires of C2. I think it works with the flux at 0 or not but the efficiency is affected. But in the VIEW1, in the direction of 'z' it is possible to see not all the sum of flux from C1 to C2 is not 0, because the orientation are like I drew.
When I cut the interruptor T, the potential energy stored in C2 will go to C1, so the electronic circuit is easy to build. The circuit C1 must recover that energy, not so easy with a generator. So, I think the best is to build a core (not for C1) between C2 and another coil C3, that coil C3 will recover the energy from C2. I will think about that.
But maybe I don't need T, because the inductance change the sign of its voltage when the current is reducing ! so it is like I change the type of the spring, when the device is accelerating it is a push spring and when it is decelerating it is a pull string. If it is really like that, it is better, no electronics is needed and the signal will be without any harmonics.
It is not because the inductance changes its sign of voltage. It is like the mechanical device rotates in the contrary direction. I will study that case in mechanics but like that, I would say I need to take in account the rotation of the bolt around itself. I done the calculations in mechanics for a small angle of rotation and until the bolt rotates around itself. It is enough to prove the energy is not conserved. But here, I need more to have a difference of power in the circuit not only for one half period because it is difficult to measure: the coil have a lot of energy inside them and it will be necessary to use an integrator, I'm not the measures could be good enough to notice something.
So, When the bolt reached the angular velocity around itself equal to the angular velocity of the bolt around A1, then I reverse the torque because my generator reverses the voltage. In that case, I need to change the type of the spring (if the spring pull it must pull, and if it pull it must push). My spring store potential energy, for my circuit, I the energy is converted in heating (or to an electric power if it is needed) and the resistance doesn't care about the direction of the current, that point is good. But there is the direction of the forces from the springs. For the mechanical device I study there is a movement of the spring to keep the angles constant, just because I would like simplify the calculations. Here, it seems it is not necessary, the geometry keeps constant the angles. But there is the forces of the springs... so if I use only the force that will give the torque around A1, I think I need to change the direction of the voltage on C1 but for that I need to change the direction of the flux, so the direction of the current ... so maybe I need a function like a motor, I'm not sure.
I found without a motor: I use 3 others open coils around C2, I use transistors to open cut what I want, like that the flux is reversed.
I think I would like to built the device without any core but it is not possible for the flux. I gave the image with the cores previously. Finally, open C2 and gives the energy to the core is better. A coil on the core can recover the energy. But I need the resistance on C2 to have a current.
I need an electronic circuit to open C2. The energy recover from the optional core C4 (blue color) can be adjust with a variable resistance to equilibrate the input energy.
To do the continuous mouvement for the mechanical device: I breaked the bolt in rotation around itself from the disk (A1), so here, I think I can do the same: I cut C1 and I recover the energy from C2 or C3. But I need an electronic circuit. I gave the on/off of the transistors T1 and T2. It is not a big difficulty because the power from C2 will go to another coil so the voltage is not high. But the signals will be altered... for the measure it is not good but for the real device a core is better, I hope the energy is not so small.
There are a lot of solutions... the transformer is the better to have an electric power. The shape is not unique.
Like any transformer, that device can use any conductor, copper, aluminium, etc. and any magnetic core, iron, ferrite, etc. The geometry is the only key. But anyway, if the efficiency is not good, it is only the power-to-mass and the power-to-volume that can be affected by that problem, or maybe the problem from the colling.
That transformer is like any other transformer in terms of construction: prevent losses from copper, from magnetic core, current of Foucault, laminated the core, isolated the sheet of metal. What else ? maybe the electronics if it is needed for control the coil C4.
The core is not so easy to build than that.
People know where to buy sheet of metal for transformer ? in Alibaba it is only for 3 tons...
I drew circles for the shape of C1, but it is possible to use any other shape, square, triangles, etc. the coil of C1 must have a part where the flux is cancelled by itself (area where small radius R2). So, a lot of shapes can be used.
In the mechanical device the energy created in comparaison with the potential energy in the kinetic rotation. But, in the electromagnetic device the potential energy is reactive. So the energy created is not small compared to the potential energy stored in the device. Two standards cores for transformers and standard copper is enough to prove that the device creates the energy. The most important is a good geometry and maybe the control of the signal. Maybe because I'm not sure the transformer changes the signs correctly alone. I think G2 changes it sign like C2 so C4 must receive the good sign. I will test my geometry. The geometry, so the efficiency is not so important than that, it is just the power-to-mass and the power-to-volume. A geometry that allow a high frequency is important too. So, for that the material of the magnetic core is very important. A big inductance so a big relative reluctance is needed. And a high frequency so a small amough of losses from the core, even without a core it could work.
So, I remember something I read here about a guy who verify with a University a device, and even the device didn't create the energy, the University said the magnetic core was used like there is no magnetic field inside. Someone knows ?
Even a metglas is good : https://www.hitachimetals.com/materials-products/amorphous-nanocrystalline/documents/magamp_opt.pdf
80 W of losses by kilogram at 300 kHz
Maybe it is a resonant circuit ... RLC on the green coil
And to replace the capacitor it is possible to use a phase angle transformer, I can use it with 2 devices.
The capacitors must realized the angle. The is to use the mechanics equation to build the analogy electric device.
I think the device must change the inductance of C1 so it is easy with the electronics: G1 can be an ondulor with variable frequency but must recover the energy and reduce the harmonics espcially if the device works at higher frequency like 300 Khz for example. It is also use a capacitor but ... the capacitor must change ! it is not a device with fixed value for the RLC circuit. And I hope the values are in the good direction when I change of the half period. For the first half period it is ok, but for the next, it is possible the device wants to increase the frequency again. I will think about that.
Note, the frequency must change in a half of period ! not in several periods. So it is very quick. To test, and without build an ondulor, it is better to use a varicap, just need to find where to place it.
I need to add the flux in return to C1. What is was important to understand: it is necessary to change the capacitance or the inductance, I mean in a half period. The best efficiency will be with the capacitance but there are for now small it is only some nF.
I simulate the transformer, the input gives nothing in comparaison with the energy inside the inductance. And in comparaison with the mechanical device it is in relation with the kinetic energy the mechanical device wins. The result change when I change the varicap but there is a limit, because the inductance are limited too. I need to change one paramater I supposed it is important at start but after not... not so easy to understand the analogy electric.
I can have a transcient energy negative (and I didn't count the energy inside the coil) but it is difficult to integrate it with my device. I used another method than the varicap.
I found another way than a transformer, I mean with several inductances. The electric method with a RL circuit. But I need 3 voltages sources or an arbitrary source, I used 3 voltages sources to show it is only simple functions in serial. The source must recover a power so it is not so easy to build but at least easy to test. It is for now a transcient recover of power but not so small. I need only to have a current at start in the coil, a lot, sure, compared to the energy I recovered. Exactly the same than the mechanical device, it is the same functionnality but in the electric field.
The device in NGSPICE is attached. It is a RLC circuit in serial. That's all. The essential function is the DAMPING, it is an exponential function that reduces the amplitude, I don't need to reduce the voltage, but I need to change the slope of the signal because the slope is what I tried to do with the transformer because in my mechanical device I have an angle of application for the spring, it changes the shapes of the voltages sources, exactly like I wanted to do with the transformer, but a transformer is difficult to test because it is in 3D and difficult to have the good shape. Here the damping function helps, it is not the only solutions, like the mechanical device there are a lot.
But now, maybe if people want to test and give feedback. Spice3 dated for a long time now and had be tested a lot since 1983. For the energy the intensity at start is given by Ngspice and the energy at start and at the end of the study inside the coil must be counted. The power dissipated in the resistor must be counted too.
It doesn't work if the inductance has no current inside at start, it is like no rotation of the disk at start in the mechanical device. The voltage source is the spring. The damping function the angles.
Like the mechanical device I didn't find the best angles nor here the best function of voltages.
In the mechanical device, I need to move the motor, in the contrary the sum of energy is conserved. So, here, it must be the same. So, it can't be a transformer, it is like a motor but my mechanical device is not continuous, maybe it is possible to have another method, I will think about it. So, I need to move something. But the advantage with the alternative current, I can reverse the sign of the rotation around A1 in the mechanical device, and like that the motor don't move, it vibrates. It is easier to build. I can use a piezoelectric motor. I think the best configuration for the inductance is like I drew. The piezos works at Mhz so it is not a problem for increase the efficiency.
If I suppose the inductance turns like the bolt at start, and the inductance will be always like that because, one turn is clockwise the other counterclockwise due to the alternative current. I can say, if the bolt rotate one turn it is like a half period of a voltage source of V1. But the displacement is a function of the speed, or the speed in the electric device change all the time, it is the amplitude of the electric current of V1, so the movement of the inductance L3 must be in the same proportion, great like that it could be a sinus function. But it is the current itself that represents the velocity, so the piezo must be enough fast for the electric current. I mean the displacement of the charge inside the wire ! it is a big value for a transductor. In one turn of the current in L1 (small radius of L1), I need to move 1.5 that distance with the piezo, if the small radius is 2 cm, the electricity will do that turn in 4.2 ns if the velocity of electrons is 1/10*c. So, I need to move 1.5*3 cm in 4.2 ns, it is not so easy. If the radius of the inductance is small, like 1e-6m maybe it is possible to move 1.5e-6 m in 4.2 ns, it is a velocity of 1500 m/s but it needs a piezo at 1 Ghz at least.
My mechanical device is modelized with a capacitance equivalent, or any other electric analogy. Maybe the voltage with capacitor is better, because the angular velocity is the voltage not the current. I don't have losses from the current in a resistance. And to move it is a function of the voltage so the frequency of the signal of V1, it is better. I need to move the distance in relation of the frequency of V1.
But maybe I can use the analogy of voltage with the inductance. The power is greater from the inductance and it is easier to build for big power. So the torque is a source of current.
The last designed with the signals. Not sure about the orientation of L2 and L3, the efficiency must be link with the angles relatively to the horizontal.
V1 is the source of power that rotates the bolt around A1
L1 (red and green) is the inertia of the bolt, rotation around A1 but no rotation around itself.
L2 is an end of the spring
L3 is the other end of the spring
V2 is the spring
V1 is a sinusoide it is equivalent to rotate the bolt around A1 in one direction and after in the other direction
V2 is a sinusoide, when I accelerate the bolt around A1 I need to attract: I use sin(2x), but when I decelerate it I need a spring that pushes, so I use: -sin(2x)
I need to move the spring along the longitudinal axis of the bolt so for that I think I need a AM signal, on V1 or V2. The movement like I study in the mechanical device is bigger on the longitudinal axis than of the relative rotation of the bolt relatively to the support (the support that rotates around A1), so I think the AM modulation is on V1 and V2 is a sinus function but maybe it is a FM modultation. But the signal must be in phase. I mean if the sin(2x) is not well adjust the mean of the energy will be 0, not in one quarter of a period but it could be difficult to measure the energy of the inductances in a quarter of a period because a lot of energy are inside the inductances. In fact the spring must oscillate because the bolt rotates in one direction and after in the other. So the AM modulation must ... oscillates maybe with a modulation greater than 1.
The geometry help to have the inertia around A1 and no rotation around itself. Like I said around itself, it is around the longitudinal axis of the bolt. I didn't put a secondary a charge, I suppose the inductances of the primary have a resistance, so an energy from heating exists, it is the charge.
If the modultation is FM (image of V1 and V2), V1 is FM and V2. V2 must be in phase with V1 I mean in a quarter of a period it is sin(2x) and in the following quarter it is -sin(2x).
It is possible to oscillate L3 + L2 with piezo electric motor but I think the FM modultation must do that because the AM modulation change the force, I need to accelerate the spring, and for the signal if the increase the frequency. But if I increase the frequency of V1 and V2 I don't think it could work. So maybe the fact that have V1= sin(x) and V2=sin(2x) changes the frequency too, in the same time I change the direction of the force.
I drew the transformer with a monophase but it is possible to have more than one phase. It is better to optimize the mass of the iron. All I explained about the transformer can use all technology of the standard transformers: core with iron or ferrite, conductors in copper or aluminium or any other conductor, etc. It is the same technology than the others transformers about the materials, the only particular things are:
- the geometry,
- I use the principle of the méchanical device I explained in another thread,
- the particular shapes of the signals, and the synchronisation of the primaries,
- maybe I need a piezoelectric motor synchronized with the primaries to vibrate the inductances L2 and L3
I used sinusoidal signals but it is possible to use any others shapes.
I resumed the transformer. I drew the source in parallel of L1 and L2 but maybe it is in serie. And I'm not sure about the sign of V2 relatively of V1 to create the energy, not destroy it.
The helix is needed even in a core.
I'm not sure I can add so much turns like I drew before, maybe only like that.
Note the efficiency above 1 is small with an angle of 1.5° (5° on the side view) only 0.0075, it reachs 0.25 at 30° (60° on the side view), and reachs 0.58 at 50° (75° on the side view)