Hello All...
First, I want you to compare the following statements by Stephen Mark and Nikola Tesla:
SM said:
Quote: I found the secret when I read in some books about electron
tubes. I was a TV repair man as well. Back in the days of electron tubes.The good old days I think.
In one of the RCA engineering manuals I read that it has been measured
In a wire that there exists a slight increase in current when first
electrons are caused to flow in it.
This was explained because the earth's magnetic field exerted some influence on the wire and the electron flow inside it.
Or rather the electrons on the surface of the wire. Even today you can find examples of discussion of this fact even in non
scientific journals. If you look in Morgan Jones book, Valve Amplifiers, 3rd edition, on page 262 he says,
The inrush of current through the filament interacts with the
earth's magnetic field to produce a small kick. EndQoute[/b]
and Tesla said:
Quote: Tesla's introduction to the phenomena of Radiant Energy began with early observations by linesmen working for Thomas Edison, Tesla's former employer
DC Anomalies Before Tesla's invention of the Polyphase AC generator became the industry standard and overtook Thomas Edison's use of DC generators, the DC electrical system was the only system available to deliver electricity to America's homes and factories. Due to the resistance offered by long transmission lines, Edison had to produce very high DC voltages from his generators in order to deliver enough voltage and current to its final destination. He also had to provide additional 'pumping' stations along the way to boost the sagging voltage which dwindled from line losses. A curious anomaly occurred in the very first instant of throwing the power switch at the generating station: Purple/blue colored spikes radiated in all directions along the axis of the power lines for just a moment. In addition, a stinging, ray-like shocking sensation was felt by those who stood near the transmission lines. In some cases, when very large DC voltages surged from the generators, the "stinging" sensation was so great that occasionally a blue spike jumped from the line and grounded itself through a workman, killing him in the process.
Tesla realized almost immediately that electrons were not responsible for such a phenomena because The blue spike phenomena ceased as soon as the current stated flowing in the lines. Something else was happening just before the electrons had a chance to move along the wire. At the time, no one seemed to be very interested in discovering why these dramatic elevations in static electrical potential were taking place, but rather, engineering design efforts were focused on eliminating and quenching this strange anomaly which was considered by everyone to be a nuisance-except Tesla. EndQoute
In the other threads of the TPU-subforum I often hear the people crying for very fast switching and I think that this is the key to overunity.
And we need nothing more than a spark-gap, then you have your very fast switch. Also in many Tesla-patents he used his spark-gap and you can control the frequenz of switching by changing the capacitance of your condenser or the distance between the gap. Of course you need high voltage, and that is that, what we can find in every Tesla-coil: Fast-high-frequenzy-switching of high voltage and you can thrust me, with a tesla coil you can create abnormal things, which other electric devices cannot create.
Tesla and SM mean the same, the increase in current when first
electrons are caused to flow.
Image you have one current increase by switching one time.
Then you have 250.000 current increases by switching with 250 khz.
I think, that the spark-gap is the switch, which can switch the fastest. And we can find a thing like a spark-gap in every electronen-tube acting as a diode (I know it is not really a spark gap, but it is almost the same thing)
(https://overunityarchives.com/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2Fb%2Fb2%2FDiode-Symbol_de.svg%2F60px-Diode-Symbol_de.svg.png&hash=2b25f3cd4d551c2e5b1add9f6bbd31624fac9324)
And here the adjustable spark gap from Nikola Tesla:
(https://overunityarchives.com/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ftesla%2Fres%2Fimages%2FNTAC_33.gif&hash=7a55e6211707aa7cb44bddda7e9009968129a70b)
(https://overunityarchives.com/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fimg169.imageshack.us%2Fimg169%2F2434%2Fcoilir5.jpg&hash=155a74f6d30b822c0cff244e598dcabbdf113130)
Ok, this is a little better of a posting by a newbie. Well done Frederic2k1.
Even Edwin Gray uses the spark gap:
(https://overunityarchives.com/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fimg508.imageshack.us%2Fimg508%2F9586%2Fsparkedwingrayui4.png&hash=5628aa60e7d6585e3a6aa59c98a57f6aff5c2596)
http://www.panaceauniversity.org/PatD3.pdf (http://www.panaceauniversity.org/PatD3.pdf)
" In this invention, a high voltage, high current, short duration energy pulse is applied to the inductive load by the conversation element.This element makes possible the use of certain of that energy impressed within an arc across a spark-gap, without the resultant deterioration of circuit elements normally associated with high energy electrical arc. "
A spark-gap which is fired by a high-voltage condenser, is nothing more than a short circuit between the condenser und this gives as also a very high amperage going through the coil to the TPU in the circuit diagram in my frist post.
(And of course, the force of the magnetic field is at very high amperage (in a short-circuit) much higher. So also the inductive voltage in the coil because of a very high di / dt via fast switching spark gap is much higher: U = -L x ( di / dt ) ... )
Also Tesla mentioned in one of his documents, that there are no more fascinating devices like the condenser, behause you can storage very high energy and fire it within microseconds with his spark gap ;)
I just remebered one thing:
... the increase in current when first electrons are caused to flow...
Image you have one increase by 1 Hz
Image you have 250.000 increase by 250 kHz
And now imagine you take right now multi-stranded litz wire...
AT THESE THREE SENTENCES, you must remember one statement from Steven Mark:
QUOTE:
If you had a short wire and you moved a magnet across it you
would always have limited potential because the length of wire
was so short.
OK now what if we increase the length of the wire to many miles
in length even with a very weak magnetic field moving across the
wire you still have a much greater potential flow of power
available.
If we put it into a perspective of power per inch it may be easier to
understand.
If you have a small magnetic field moving across a wire twelve
inches long it can generate an electron flow equal to lets say one
millivolt per inch.
If you move the magnet twelve inches at the same speed you get
12 millivolts as you transgress the twelve inches of wire.
Understand that I am trying to convey a principal that you can
understand for use in the future.
So, you have a wire twelve inches long and you can make 12
millivolts moving a magnet across it.
If you have a wire 1000 feet long and you move the same small
magnetic field across the length of it you can create much more
voltage potential perhaps 12,000 millivolts lets say.
So, you have managed to generate a significant amount of electric
power with a weak magnetic force.
OK, how does this help us? where am I going with this?
Suppose you have 1,000 pieces of wire twelve inches long and you
run the same weak magnetic field over them all at the same
time..... you get the same flow of electrons.
If the wires are run in series then you will get the 12,000 millivolts
etc.
If you connect the wires in parallel you will get higher current but
lower voltage.
However, the power potential is the same whether you run the
wires in series or parallel.
If you know how to find the circuit potential, you tune into the
frequency and you have enough short pieces of wire you can
convert as much power as you wish in a given space.
Things are more complex then what I have told you but I am just trying
ENDQuote
Thank you for reading :)
Hello all,
@Frederic...
whats the frequency of a spark gap???
Otto
Quote from: otto on February 14, 2008, 01:27:53 AM
Hello all,
@Frederic...
whats the frequency of a spark gap???
Otto
Otto, you can choose the frequency by yourself. The frequency is calculatet by 3 factors: The distance of the spark-gap, the capacitance of the capacitor and especially the induced voltage in the capacitor.
The spark-gap will switch only then, when the air-breakover-voltage is achieved.
For example: For a distance in the gap of 4 mm you need at least 400-600 V (depending on air pressure and dampness) in order that the air get ionized and the spark does overbreak the air. Now the induced voltage of secondary 1 (see circuit diagramm of first post) and the capacitance of the capacitor are the factors which leading to the point of time, when this breakover-voltage is achieved.
Look at the adjustable spark-gap by tesla, he can easily adjust the frequency by handling with the hand gears (and so adjust the distance in the gap)
I hope that was the answer of your question ;)
hi fred..
a read this i hve the same thing like you whit this but anther way
i thing sm have box insaid tpu big there is circuits of pulse dc in the many separated control coil
i know that many paralel separated wires flow separated elktrones that is raid thing how is bild the colector coils
i say that no important what you put for oscilations <,spark gap or some pulse elktroagnet fild whit high speed whit circuits
you see the video all of his tpu has some same things <<switch and most be inaid small batery >>small batery is to created the small elktromagnet movng fild whit pulsing whit high speed whit some <<ic>>
sm say that is not important how you made .. that mean is you make many ways to byld this ,,how move mag in the pick up colectors coli 8) 8) 8)
The color of the spark is in the high visible light spectrum, white, blue, purple, sub-sub ultraviolet. This is the residual path of the conduction from the interaction of the small, high speed magnetic field impacting the larger, slower or stationary (at that instance) / earth magnetic field. Like watching glass shatter. ;) If you dip your hand in water the feeling is just wet. But if you smack it hard you don't pass through the surface. Feels like a spark gap, huh?
--giantkiller.
doublepostdeleted
--giantkiller.
Spark gap driven by gradually charging capacitor is ultra efficient thing for pulsing as its rise time is probably way less than a nanosecond and the pulse current is huge: this makes atoms collide each other with considerable power in the whole circuit. Since the spark gap ionization holds for a moment passing current, this works as sawtooth pulsing. However, it's a bit less than optimal in modern times since you can't fine-tune pulse frequency and power easily when using spark gap approach. Programmable sawtooth generator+amplifier is a better choice nowadays.
True. I used Tip41s and that seemed enough. I had enough show time with that. The Fets are faster as we know and can do more. I did use them to drive the notched pvc coil with the aluminum plates. And that was shocking too.
I never used tubes against the coils. Didn't feel the need to.
But as time went on and more builds happened I just wasn't able to get away from the possible harm.
The high energy output is just too easy to get. The control is the next stage. Caps and diodes.
Microcontrollers and oscillators are on desk as we speak. 8)
--giantkiller. Round stunguns...
By the way, sawtooth generator signal passed through a 1st order low-pass filter (tuned to the frequency equal to that of generator pulsing) may work even better - this will also bias pulse signal a bit (which may be bad or good depending on the original generator signal). The benefit of such filtering is that it may put the voltage to almost full rest (delta V=0) right before the next pulse arrives: this is as close to spark gap as possible (clean sawtooth's voltage is never at rest).
Potential energy is always stored in inertial frames. You know a capacitor is charged up but that potential energy is inside the caps inertial frame. That means the cap is going in at least 3 different directions unless you go with the string guys and they must be up to 15 or 20 directions by now. The trick is to get that potential energy into the inertial frame you want before it goes off into the other directions and adds inertia to an unwanted frame. So the faster the better. A spark gap is tricky and alot of the potential energy you wanted in your circuit is taking of as rf energy into all the dimensions. (Once Tesla found out about Deforest's evacuated tubes he was all over them). So put a square wave through a conductor and then you only have to deal with the inertial frames within the conductor. You want to radiate the potential into the coil you want to accelerate the current into. Not wait on the magnetic field. Unless you have a superconductor your potential energy flow is going to be absorbed by all sorts of unwanted inertial frames called resistance. But some of that pe is going to add to electron inertia going the way you want it to go. Those electrons will be the ones that the aetheric waves are influencing. The drift electrons on the surface. The biggest inertial frame round here is the Earth so you should consider it's magnetic field as an indication of aetheric wave energy flow in these parts. SM's first tpu didn't work flipped over and Tesla didn't build an underground sattelite dish cause it was cheap.
It's all much simpler in my opinion. Inertia (velocity) increase equals potential energy differential in the given point of space. We can express any situation where velocity of a body increases as a potential field gradient (scalar field). The same is true with gravity. Potential fields can be summed freely: however, there should be an experimental evidence that any given object (particle) is influenced by a particular potential field (resonates to a particular potential field). Potential field can be stable (DC field like gravity) or oscillating (freely-induced potential field). For example, an object of type X is known to be influenced by potential fields A and B; object of type Y is influenced by potential fields A and C; object of type Z is influenced by potential fields D and C. In order to be able to influence object of type Z with object of type X we have to first influence object Y by object of type X in the direction so that it influences object of type Z.
By the way, every particle strives to find the energy minimum in the fields they resonate to. They are doing the same thing as solving mathematical optimization problem.
Also, no evidence is available that we are dealing with multi-dimensional space. At the moment we have a 3D space with a bit of relativistic nonsense about space-time curvatures (Minkowski space which is non-transferrable to 3D mechanics). I'm thus suggesting that space-time curvature is induced by gravity potential field. It's not an additional dimension, but it is an additional layer of influence. It is also 3D, but due to its length standard change induction it can be said that gravity influences space-time relations. But there is no 'real' fourth dimension available.
As I've tried to show in my hypothesis, gravity can be equated to DC potential field which is similar to DC acoustic wave as it penetrates space and thus its intensity is decreased with inverse square law (don't know if this is applicable, but DC in 1D is equal to 1, in 2D it is equal to 1/x, in 3D it is equal to 1/(x*x)). Given that, the cause of gravity is also acoustic (mechanic) and thus it can be induced by other means beside mass (mass itself is also not just a mass but a compact system of particles with mechanical interactions).
@Frederic2k
you have lurked and learned and paid attention.
The voltage swing amplitude and its transition speed is everything.
Even if SM did not know the anode from a cathode, he was aware of Tesla,
the grand Master.
Knowing what Tesla observed with Edison's HV DC transmission lines when
power was applied, and what Tesla learned through his further studies is all
that is necessary to know in order to unlock OU.
I don't believe that a spark gap is necessary today to achieve fast transitions,
a bipolar, a FET, or an avalanche generator should suffice. Even an audio
transistor can generate picosecond pulses, if used as an electron avalanche
device instead of as a transistor.
Could SM have built an oscillating device without any active semiconductors?
For example, Dr. Aspen has proposed a pair of two concentric cylinders,
connected in push-pull fashion, that would oscillate due to aetheric input.
It uses no tubes, transistors, or spark gaps, but would need a trigger input
to start.
Once a working device exists, the inherent over-heating problem has to be
solved, then the electric, magnetic, and EM radiation has to be shielded.
We have enough to keep us busy for a while.
Earl
Below is a picture of what I believe Tesla was going to do in New Jersey. Basically a tank circuit that uses the Earth as the inductor and his bifilar capacitor winding as the capacitor. The currents in the Earth would be trying to get to his capacitor via the burried legs within the ring/magnifier: but some are intercepted by what he called his current magnifier. These currents were then caused to circle around the magnifier before getting to the inside of the magnifier and becoming part of the lc oscillator current. The negative pressure of the Earth's electrons trying to fill the void created by the oscillator. By inductively coupling to this magnifier current he could not only tap it to overcome resistance of the circuit but also control the oscillators amplitude by changing the reluctance of the magnifier.
A word from Tesla in relation to SM statements.
QuoteMy most important invention from a practical point of view is a new form of tube with apparatus for its operation. In 1896 I brought out a high potential targetless tube which I operated successfully with potentials up to 4 million volts from '96 to '98. This device was adopted by many imitators and with slight modifications it is employed even now in all research laboratories and scientific institutions here and in other countries, and virtually all atomic investigations are carried on with it. At a later period I managed to produce very much higher potentials up to 18 million volts, and then I encountered unsurmountable difficulties which convinced me that it was necessary to invent an entirely different form of tube in order to carry out successfully certain ideas I had conceived. This task I found far more difficult than I had expected, not so much in the construction as in the operation of the tube. For many years I was baffled in my efforts, although I made a steady slow progress. Finally though, I was rewarded with complete success and I produced a tube which it will be hard to improve further. It is of ideal simplicity, not subject to wear and can be operated at any potential, however high, that can be produced. It will carry heavy currents, transform any amount of energy within practical limits, and it permits easy control and regulation of the same. I expect that this invention, when it becomes known, will be universally adopted in preference to other forms of tubes, and that it will be the means of obtaining results undreamed of before. Among others, it will enable the production of cheap radium substitutes in any desired quantity and will be, in general, immensely more effective in the smashing of atoms and the transmutation of matter. I am hopeful that it will be possible by its use to carry out a process in which there should be no misses whatever, but only hits. However, this tube will not open up a way to utilize atomic or subatomic energy for power purposes. According to the physical truth I have discovered there is no available energy in atomic structure, and even if there were any, the input will always greatly exceed the output, precluding profitable, practical use of the liberated energy.
Some papers have reported that I had promised to give a full description of my tube and its accessories on the present occasion. This has caused me a considerable annoyance-as, owing to some obligations I have undertaken regarding the application of the tube for important purposes, I am unable to make a complete disclosure now. But as soon as I am relieved of these obligations a technical description of the device and of all the apparatus will be given to scientific institutions.
There is one more discovery which I want to announce at this time, consisting of a new method and apparatus for the obtainment of vacua exceeding many times the highest heretofore realized. I think that as much as one-billionth of a micron can be attained. What may be accomplished by means of such vacua is a matter of conjecture, but it is obvious that they will make possible the production of much more intense effects in electron tubes. My ideas regarding the electron are at variance with those generally entertained. I hold that it is a relatively large body carrying a surface charge and not an elementary unit. When such an electron leaves an electrode of extremely high potential and in very high vacuum, it carries an electrostatic charge many times greater than the normal. This may astonish some of those who think that the particle has the same charge in the tube and outside of it in the air. A beautiful and instructive experiment has been contrived by me showing that such is not the case, for as soon as the particle gets out into the atmosphere it becomes a blazing star owing to the escape of the excess charge. The great quantity of electricity stored on the particle is responsible for the difficulties encountered in the operation of certain tubes and the rapid deterioration of the same.
Nikola Tesla
Hey guys,
I've just found a scope shot of a conventionel spark gap:
(https://overunityarchives.com/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fimg153.imageshack.us%2Fimg153%2F4638%2Fsparkgapshotzd4.png&hash=edc32da7fb347350e98893f01ac2298c38a27889)
And you are right, aleks. It is really a saw-tooth signal. The question is now, what is the benefit of using such a signal. In one of the several topics on this board you mentioned something, that is not going out of my head.
The magnitude of induced voltage in a conductor is mainly depending on di / dt. So in a sawtooth signal the first induced voltage is bigger on the rising as back-emf induced voltage in the falling part of the signal.
Im not really sure if that is the direction of that what you mentioned a weeg ago or so. Please correct me if my statement was incorrect.
regards
Quote from: Frederic2k1 on April 12, 2008, 03:48:06 PM
The magnitude of induced voltage in a conductor is mainly depending on di / dt. So in a sawtooth signal the first induced voltage is bigger on the rising as back-emf induced voltage in the falling part of the signal.
Well, I was not thinking about induction that much. My main idea is that sharp attack transient of saw-tooth strikes atomic lattice strongly: that's why on spark gap plot you've shown the current starts to rise a bit later after voltage spike: I think it struggles with atomic lattice (that's not talking about time it takes to ionize air - which is probably not included in the picture). This struggling is what produces acoustic (phonon) pressure waves (that are most likely slower than electricity to a high margin) which give a rise to DC acoustic component which is I think a new phenomenon standing behind overunity in TPU we are discussing here.
The idea to use saw-tooth is to cause attack transient without as short release transient. This will create periodic "action" that is directed into a single direction. In this respect square waves are unuseful, because they are also producing "counter" action.
I do not think saw-tooth is fully related to the spark gap picture you've posted. The perspective I'm talking about is a bit wider: it is about acoustic (phonon) non-equilibrium created by a sharp attack transient, without an opposing non-equilibrium caused by a sharp release. Well, spark gap does look like a saw-tooth, but its release is shorter than I would opt for. I think Otto's TPU=ECD is close to the required operation mode (with 400V MOSFET spike discharges with an ultra-sharp attack and comparably slow release - however, I would try to get rid of insane oscillations on the release stage right after the initial spike happens).
Non-equilibrium is an important concept here since as much energy you can invest into creating non-equilibrium (which can be modeled with a Dirac delta function) means as much powerful DC component you can get during this non-equilibrium. The only thing to do this is to have as short attack transient and as high power as possible (power is important since having high voltage at micro amperage won't create much phonon interactions - there should be some reasonable balance between voltage and amperage).
Below is an example of how I see it. Each spike leads to phonon non-equilibrium which can be modeled as Dirac delta function or gaussian curve. I've included "reflections" which is my deduction from Otto's TPU=ECD plots. It seems that non-equilibrium is usually accompanied by "reflections" that may be a result of initial spike bouncing back and forth over the wire. Note that JL Naudin also got similar results: http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/sclxmtr.htm
It should be understood by you that "sine-waves" on the oscilloscope are not born in the circuitry: these sinewaves are potentials created by phonon non-equilibriums, which produce DC acoustic waves (also known as scalar waves, gravity, radiant energy, etc). This is the true energy source in my opinion, of course it breaks laws of conservation since these potentials create energy: electrons and ions may accelerate in these fields without affecting the field itself.