For one i did not want to spend ages typeing this by hand alone so i used software to convert image taken text into actual text,
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translation done by systran premium 6, overall a good enough translation.
Okay the first one is ,the calcudo pdf document,
Translate below,
CALCULATION EXAMPLE
The present article finally must show in very simple form how it is begun to design an ionospheric system, in relation to the size of the radiator of the antenna, its plate and all the others based on the power to lower or to use.
We suppose that we wished to lower a constant power of 10 MegaWatts real in constant form by this system, or, since we are working with reflections of waves in the ionosphere and its corresponding amplifications in resonance here, the unique thing that is going to us to interest is that the amplification of the waves arrives at a certain level, that is to say, the resonant reflections will cause that the energy of the waves is growing until reaching the wished level, that will be reflected in the increase of the component of electric field and magnetic of the obtained wave, the one that as well, will induce tension and currents between the radiator and the plate or disc of the screening antenna, is due to consider in the calculation that the component of electric field does not have to surpass at least to the dielectric strenght of the air in approx 30 normal conditions that KV/metro is of, because if it is surpassed east value a 10 will have all the power arc discharge between the radiator and the disc destroying itself the antenna, and by the way unloading of Megawatt would destroy not only to the antenna but many things around, by the way.
Or, we consider the Poityng vector, that helps us to relate the useful power of an electromagnetic radiation that affects a surface with the field variables, using the Poyting vector is arrived at the following equation allows us to calculate the area of the plate or disc of the system in which these waves will be reflected:
p is the magnetic permitivity of the emptiness, c, the speed of the light, P the power to obtain in Watts, and E the component of electric field of reflected waves member state in the antenna in resonant amplification.
We calculate then the minimum area of our system for 10 MegaWatt
considering maximum the electric field possible mentioned before, for 10 Megawatt us
it is:
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Considering factors of safety as all ingenieril design we are speaking of a surface of reflection of the order of the tens of squared meters, we as large as say to a room of 3 mts 3 xs mts, a quite small size for the lowered power levels, at least in this case, the reader can appreciate that for KiloWatts the size can be very small.
As I mentioned before in an article if we do not want very great antennas, we introduce it is enough it within means to the emptiness, would be necessary to analyze the costs in that case of material
Page 2 of translated spanish document below.
Distribution in average Tension
Once designed the size of the plate and radiator we must think about how we collected the electrical current caught by this system, or, it is enough to put 2 conductive terminals between the central radiator and the radiating plate, the obtained tension when coming out will be and x d, being and the intensity of field referred before reflected wave member state and d is the minimum separation between the radiator and the disc or plate of the antenna, we are speaking then of tension of the order of the KiloVolt of exit, perfectly we can reach levels like 12 KV, 13.8 KV or the more, which is lent for a distribution in average tension of powers of the order of the Megawatt like the calculated ones before
And finally as already we have power, Voltage, we have the current for our system of high voltage.
To remember that later it must have a reducing system of the tension, to 220 VAC, P. ej., and converter of frequencies of 7.8 Hertz to 50 Hertz/60 Hertz according to is the case
Conclusion:
In this simple calculation of example in summary we can have an antenna for 10
Megawatt that covers an area with 3 mts 3 xs mts, a heavy radiator of about 2 mts of length, we suppose a minimum separation radiating-I dial of 1 TM and that the electric field of the reflect-amplified waves has been controlled at the level of 12 KV/TM, then the high voltage of exit by cables would be of 12 KV as we expressed before not to forget that this antenna must be to good height and far from elements they make stray capacitances, for this case would be enough the height of a about 12 post of mts the mechanical calculations as weight and the others is to free will of the reading one because it depends on the used material, costs, etc
Doubts or consultations to the post office:
gigawattgratis@123mail.cl jarayam@latinmail. com
Writing by: Juan Araya M.
Chile.
Next one is the document called Cavidad,
CALCULATION OF A SPHERICAL RESONANT CAVITY
The objective is to calculate the frequency of resonance of a spherical condenser, calculating its capacity and inductance, this because all the electrical conductors have capacity and inductance.
We consider the spherical condenser of radios to and b and c as one is.
This condenser is formed by two loaded layers, first is the one of the surface of the sphere of radio to and the other is formed by the rind or castrates limited by radii 6 and c, assumes that the electrical charge is distributed uniformly in the central sphere and the same happens in the layer or volumetric rind, and between the central sphere and the volumetric layer there is an emptiness or air
The calculation of the capacity would be trivial if geometry were the traditional one of the spherical condenser, but here no, since the load in the layer or spherical rind is distributed volumetrically by means of the use of the Gaussian law and calculating the potential difference, the result, after algebraically to work the expression, whose development I will not do here, since it can be deduced by any student of General Physics II, gives us:
(The end of cualquier estudiante de F?sica General II, nos da: in the picture is the bit where this translated text ends below in the picture)
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(below the equations starts with nortar in the picture this means in english To notice )
To notice that if the width of the volumetric layer were zero (c = 6), the formula is reduced to the one of the traditional spherical condenser.
The calculation of the inductance is less obvious, because we must know the form in that the current will circulate, and supposing the total unloading of the condenser, we consider that the current flows of the spherical layer superior to the inferior, as if was a traditional spherical condenser in total unloading, despising radius c, as is in the following figure:
(the figure in the last picture translated text continued)
In the figure the circulation of the magnetic induction is exaggerated, because in fact the plane of the circulation is perpendicular to the plane of the figure.
Applying the law of Ampere we have current locked up it by any curve of circular circulation of radio or is always the same, therefore the magnetic induction assuming uniformity of the permeability in all point will be:
(page 2 continued below)
This picture is for you to see the scientific workouts,
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(The first Work El flujo magn?tico in the picture means The magnetic flux complete translation completed below starting with el flujo/the magnetic flux)
The magnetic flux is through a surface length differential 2sr is 2srdr, the magnetic flux in the cavity, enters and b is:
(work out would be here look at picture)
Therefore the inductance of the cavity is: ( workout with the number 2 in the picture shows where this translation fits into)
Combining (1) and (2) we have the frequency of resonance of the cavity (workout with the number 3 is where this text fits)
For the particular case of the Earth and the ionosphere radius b in comparison with the radius to is for effects of calculation are almost the same given the magnitude of a, but for very great heights we have: b = to + K, and the thickness of the inosf?rica or greater layer still would be c - b
Evaluating the equation (3) for different radii and layers the values are obtained very similarities, around 10 Hertz, if we occur a typical height K for the lowest layer of the ionosphere of 70 km, and a thickness of layer c - b of 1800 km, the frequency of resonance gives 7.88 Hertz exactly us, and thus it is possible to be played with other values
If this theoretical value does not arrive at the reality as far as frecuancia and thickness of layers, is simply because in the previous calculations many idealizations have become that in the reality are not thus, the dielectric and magnetic permitivity of the atmosphere changes based on the complex mechanisms atmospherics like the T?, magnetic storms, solar wind, etc; mainly in these times with the damage of the global heating and ozone layer, apart from which the concentration of the loads or ions, is not uniform with the height of the layers
Nevertheless this calculation serves to justify that the frequency of resonance of the cavity is of the order of the Schumann frequencies, on the basis of a idealizado model.
Created by:
Juan Araya M. iam70#, 123mail.cl
iarayam&Jatinmail. com
http://members.fortunecity.com/chileno4/Ener.htm
The next PDF document is called FOTOS
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The bit at the end means,
Majors details, to contact to the post office (well email)
The translated spanish document is named Propagacion ,
IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
The present article finally must analyze the nature of the propagation of an incident electromagnetic wave in ionized means, in a charged particle gas as it is the case of the ionosphere and of having a vision and an analytical treatment of the phenomena of traditional reflection and propagation, we know a wave in the ionosphere is reflected and the intuition says to us that it must be by an interaction of electromagnetic fields the one that produces the reflection or decides the refraction in the same, although we evaded this situation with a previous article using a circuital model corresponds not to evade it now in order to have one more a clearer idea in optical terms of the implied phenomena.
We begin to assign the densidad of the ionic gas in plasma state by a densidad we call 1, we use one of the wave equations of Maxwell to represent the propagation state:
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Being v the rapidity of propagation in means, v its electrical conductivity, and component ?la of electric field of the incident wave
If for the wave equation (1) we suppose solutions of the type:
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Replacing (2) in (1) we are an exercise of Differential calculus has left:
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page 2 of this is below .
The refractive index of a wave member state when crossing means is referred with respect to the emptiness and it is defined as:
(look at picture at the bottom)
What clearly it shows what always we have known that the refraction of a light wave in means depends on its frequency or wavelength, c is the rapidity of the light in the emptiness by all means, and when replacing this relation in which already we had we has left:
(look at picture at the bottom for the bit that supposed to go with :)
Wave member state when propagating in the ionized gas we will move loads and find a resistance to its step taken by the law of Ohm in this case has left:
(look at pic)
The conductibility of ionized means we have left:
(look at pic)
Eliminating the term of speed of propagation we have left:
(look at pic)
Watching with attention this expression of (4) we realize that following the frequency the refractive index happens from zero to positive a real value or to a complex value and exists a critical value for the frequency of wave member state enters the ionized gas plasma therefore is possible to be defined watching this expression a frequency:
(this last bit was the highlighted in the pic, to help you for workout order)
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page 3 of this is the next post.
Page 3
(work out would be here - look in picture)
This frequency denominates plasma frequency and is exactly the frequency of Ionospheric resonance for the lowest layer we had determined in the document of the resonance of the cavity only that in this case instead of of leaving based on geometry now leaves in terms of the physical properties of particles form that ionized gas, as they are it densidad, load and mass of particles
This says something to us more we did not know clearly before, that all ionized gas due to having electrical charges of the same sign, these oscillate to a specific frequency determined by geometry and its physical state, is enough to think in line about a series of loads of the same sign, the linear repulsions will be such that a load is oscillating of left to right by the same repulsive forces
Although it was not newness the refractive index of incident wave member state in the plasma varies with the frequency of the same as it happens with the light crosses dense means, the newness now is that the one that the incident wave crosses ionized means, is reflected or it propagates through same depends if the frequency of the incident wave is greater, smaller or equal to the plasma frequency. Thus then the refractive index we can write it:
(work out would be here)
Clearly the following cases are distinguished:
(big star like picture here)
(work out here)
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Page 4
The refractive index is not real and therefore refraction does not exist and only one traditional reflection in that layer of the ionosphere, the figure shows successive reflections give to the return all the ionosphere layer
(work out here)
(big picture here)
The refractive index is zero and therefore there is a total reflection, that is to say, the wave is captured by that layer of the Ionosphere it crosses and it circularly as it happens in the critical angle of any total refraction, only that we have a waveguide when closing itself here circularly the trajectory, the figure shows from the moment the resonant wave is emitted, captured by the corresponding layer and soon it returns amplified to its point of emission, this one travelling wave will be able to lower anywhere where an emitter to the same frequency exists affects another wave, as in this case there is only one, gives all the return until returning to the emitting point
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Page 5 last page of spanish document named Propagacion
(work out here)
(picture here)
The refractive index is positive and therefore there is traditional refraction and the wave crosses the layer has this frequency of resonance turning aside itself since all beam refracted optically towards the following layers more superiors of the ionosphere
Of these three cases, the second is the one of interest more than first, because the wave captured in resonance adds its energy to already stored in the plasma and during all the return it accumulates a great dose of energy, when returning the wave to the emitting point and to be reflected the successive reflections they will produce an enormous amplification again.
The most detailed mechanisms on the direction of propagation of the waves in all the cases are given by the Earth's magnetic field mainly. In conclusion, the propagation of a wave member state in the ionosphere is perfectly described by the equations of Maxwell and allow to visualize things were not deductible before and one of them is that in resonance the waves are forced to surround all the ionosphere layer resonates to that frequency which consequently not only allows energy amplification, but the shipment of messages and signals to any point of the Orb or to make a remote control at a distance.
Doubts or consultations to the post office:
Gigawattgratis (a), 123mailcl
gigawattgratis (a), ubbi. com
Juan Araya M, Right reserved.
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Translated Spanish document called Receptor_VLF page 1,
RECEIVING VLF OF WAVES SCHUMMAN
By Juan Araya M.: gigawattgratis (a), 123maiLcl jarayam&Jatinmail.com 2003-06-14
The intention of this article is to design and to construct a receiver for waves of VLF in order to receive the Schumann waves of ionospheric resonance and to as much appreciate its dynamic behavior in the time as reception places, and to show obtained experimental practical results
The resonant cavity or waveguide Earth/Ionosphere was predicted and described mathematically in 1952 by German W.O. Schumann and made experimental publications on the subject per 1954, these resonances are pronounced like peaks of the basic noise of the terrestrial electromagnetic spectrum, is easy to measure his first 4 ways which happen a approximately: 7,8 Hertz, 14 Hertz, 20 Hertz, and 26 Hertz, being fundamental of these frequencies the one of greater amplitude and interest then the other decay in intensity. The levels of amplitude of these resonances are of the rank of the microvolt for the component of electric field, and of picoTesla for the magnetic component of the wave
First it is the election of the antenna to use, it is practical and economic to think about an antenna type about 2 whip of mts of length for the receiver in order to induce in the same a few micro-volts of signal, and is the one that we will use to design the receiver, nevertheless, the ideal would be to be able to design an antenna to catch the magnetic component of the signal, because this type of antenna is immune to other interferences, easy to calibrate, nevertheless are very difficult to design, requires a great patience and more expenses, because one is an antenna with form of coil of very many returns of wire, because therefore the wished one is obtained detection and amplification of signal via the well-known relation: V = wANB, being To the section of the Coil, N the total number of returns, and B the magnetic component of the signal VLF to measure, besides being used a nucleus of high permeability to obtain more amplification
The following figure previously shows to an antenna VLF of the type referred coil:
(yellow picture here)
Fig.1 Receiving antenna inductive VLF
It consists in series of 4 windings, of which two points are in the same direction, each winding has a diameter of 10.3 cm and consists of 309 returns each, but as it said, this is optional and ideal, but not to be complicated as much, we can, while, to design an antenna for our receiver that is one of type whip to catch only the component of electric field of the wave and not magnetic it, in spite of the contrariedades.
As we chose by the simple thing, an antenna type whip of about 2 mts of length, we must know what happens with the signal, and what it does east type to him of antenna to the same, clearly it is an antenna outside syntony or nonresonant, because the physical length of the same is much smaller than the wavelength for the fundamental one of 7.8 Hertz (9400 km 11), for this case, the antenna behaves as if it was a condenser, and the signal induced in the same for the case of 7.8 Hertz is in the rank of 1 the 10 microVolt to microVolt
Thus then, the tension induced in the antenna is with the capacity of the same antenna defining the impedance of entrance necessary in series to design for the receiver and the capacity of entrance of the same.
These antennas of type whip have an isotropic theoretical capacity of about 10 pF/TM, that to 7.8 Hertz to receive gives an impedance us of entrance of 900 Ohms Mega!
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Page 2
what says to us that our receiver to design must have an impedance of the highest entrance.
We can solve it to this using a circuit that uses transistors type FET of high impedance as it is:
(circuit diagram here)
Fig 2 receiving Circuit Schumann waves
One is an emitter follower whose main characteristic is its great impedance of entrance that generally exceeds the hundreds of Giga Ohms and with a low about 10 stray capacitance of pF approximately. If the marked condenser as C* is not present, the frequency response of this receiver is flat between 1 Hertz until the tens of MHz, very under noise, excellent linearity and great dynamic range the pair of transistors 2N3904 simulates a resistor of highest impedance, about 500 Giga given Ohm its characteristic V/I
The construction of this receiver must follow certain rules basic in order to make good measurements:
? It uses a metallic shield for the circuit
? To directly weld the floodgate of the JFET to the entrance connector
? It uses an entrance connector type BNC or SO-239 that offer good isolation
? It avoids to touch the entrance connector or the base of the entrance of the JFET this would soil the contacts and would lower the entrance impedance, cleans with distilled water and pure alcohol
The syntony is simple, to land the entrance and moves the potentiometer until in the exit zero Volts are had, when putting the antenna in the exit will have hundreds of mili Volts
The following step, and most problematic, it is the separation of the electrical noise surrounds that us by the signal which we want to measure, this noise can natural or artificial be created by the man, the one who can raise 60 more dB or, with respect to the signal to measure. Some of these sources of wished noise are not: Local radios of A.M., military transmitters VLF, powerful atmospheric unloadings and the originating one of the electrical lines of communication
Using a capacity for C* of about 270 nano Farads, is managed to reduce the noise in the high range of frequency enough, or filter happens low, or, removing it and using
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continued on page 3
Page 3,
phantom analyzer type FFT, even so continues bothering noises, especially, the one of 50 Hertz or 60 Hertz of the surrounding electrical lines, according to the country where we are, are useful to use good filters, like the NOTCH to eliminate, especially the noise of the electrical lines of power.
After the filter to use, some type of amplification must be used, if it were necessary, to process the signal of exit, or phantom or dynamic range and to compensate the attenuation of the filter for the noise of electrical line, a normal value could be a gain of 100
Perhaps the noise in the particular location where is the reader is not totally atenuable, thus would have to choose some remoter locality.
Finally, the processing of the signal, ideal is via applying a FFT (Fast Fourier transform), that allows to visualize the phantom of amplitude of the signal, an ideal option would be to be able to count on an oscilloscope with this function FFT, and in case of not being thus, shareware for this aim can be used a card of sound of any PC and be lowered, although the quality of the sampling would not be maximum
It chooses, always, for a good measurement the possible most distant place of the electrical lines of communication and near great objects like trees, buildings, etc, that introduce a tension splitter with the antenna capacity and reduce the amplitude of the signal, it does not make measurements with bad climate, due to the signals induced by the wind, pulses of load of the drops of rain, and often badly shaken terrestrial electric field, and either lands always carcaza of the receiver
The following phantom was obtained by a collaborator who used a filter NOTCH (of band elimination) of the receiver when coming out, obtained the 22/8/2001, and is the average of 25 measurements using a time of integration of 40 seconds:
(spikey line picture here)
Fig 2 obtained experimental phantom
The Schumann resonances are appraised clearly in real time.
The receiver is fundamental to establish the frequency of the transmitting VLF that would allow to lower gratuitous energy from the ionosphere.
Juan Araya M. gigawattgratis (a) J23maiLcl
jaravam (a), latinamiL com
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Translated spanish document named RESONANCIA MEC?NICA , page 1 out of 10
AMPLIFICATION OF MECHANICAL RESONANCE
(picture here some broken bridge)
The figure shows a classic one of the amplification by Resonance simultaneously is a real case of the phenomenon, it is the famous bridge of Tacoma located Narrows in the USA in the region near Washington that was inaugurated in 1940 and only lasted 4 months, it came down and it fell to the water product of the resonance of the structure with the wind around it is a case world-wide accepted and it was as it shows the photo, the 68 wind gusts of wind that reached Km/h, the amplified repetitive force of the wind caused that the bridge rose and balanced until it was broken and fell to the water
The present publication finally must show that in the mechanical systems also we have energy amplification in resonance as a parallel equivalent to the amplification by electrical resonance through the ionosphere and to have one first impression of the obvious thing is east phenomenon.
All mechanical system or piece of matter has parameters such as: Mass, elasticity and viscosity or clear, especially the matter in solid state is what we analyzed here, when is applied to an external force to the system takes place an oscillation, especially if the applied force is oscillating, the objective is to demonstrate analytically that the final energy of the system in oscillation is greater to the muzzle energy has been applied on the system to a frequency near the resonance.
We consider the following scheme shows a mechanical system of a degree of freedom, that is to say, able to move in a dimension to only simplify the analysis:
page 2 below,
(diagram here)
The three parameters, inertia, elasticity and grazes is represented by parameters M, K, and C respectively and is measurable in any real physical system easily. When moving the mass of its position of balance the effect means will exert a force being against to its streching, and the shock absorber will be against the speed
We call F to the external force will be applied on the system, the differential equation of the movement will be:
(work out here)
The one that does not depend on the applied force reason why appreciates, whose solution is:
(work out here)
onde xs (U) =xU and dx/dt (U) = vU are initial conditions.
Thus then there will be 4 possibilities in the oscillating movement of the system: On cushioned (p >1), critically cushioned (p=1) and sub cushioned (p <1) respectively
In the ideal case cushioned (p=U) the movement it is not a maintained oscillation then as the function of the damping can be seen is to diminish the amplitude of the oscillations expotencialmente
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Page 3,
Practical examples of cushioned mechanical systems are: smooth lowering of the arm of a tornamesa of a tocadisco (not cushioned), suspension of sport car (critically cushioned for fast answer) and a springboard (cushioned Sub)
Measurement of the damping factor:
As the unique case in that is appraised we have free oscillation is in the case sub cushioned generally, for this case this factor of damping can be determined measuring the successive amplitude of the oscillation by n periods of duration T is watching the equation (2):
(work out here)
Applying logarithms and defining:
(work out here)
Clearing and remembering that is had
(work out here)
For values of p smaller than 0.2 the expression approximated to 2% of error can be used:
(work out here)
Another form to find this factor is to count the number of necessary oscillations n so that the initial amplitude decays to half. In such case the previous equation takes the form:
(work out here)
Simpler still, but with the abundance of software nowadays, it is enough to have a PC with sound card and vibration sensors, thus simply we struck the object we want to him to measure the damping factor and software will make the rest and it will give east factor to us with the exactitude we want.
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page 4
Generally we can say that vibratory systems with low factor of damping vibrate with almost equal frequencies that the system noncushioned, when increasing the damping lowers to the frequency extending itself the period of oscillation measured Values are for example, for the steel a factor of damping of 0.01 and rubber 0.1, and the reason between successive maximums is 0.9 and 0.5 respectively
VIBRATION FORCED IN RESONANCE
Before exposed it is the free vibration of the mechanical system without a permanent external force, that is to say the way of answer of the system to a force of short duration calculated leaves oscillating the system until it pauses in order to obtain conditions and parameters and knowledge before nothing if our system is going to oscillate and how, now the idea is to apply an external alternating force, an external vibration and to see what happens with its amplitude if the system will give to him more amplitude the route of that force, that is to say, will give additional energy and we obtain the wished amplification.
In these conditions the equation (1) instead of for being even to zero is even to the applied external force:
(work out here)
If harmonic force we suppose the applied it of the form
(work out here)
Being wf the frequency of the vibration applied on the system.
Of the solution of the differential equation it interests the particular solution to us or in stationary state it would have the form:
(work out here)
and the amplitude would be:
(work out here)
Where w is simply the final oscillation frequency of the system
It is appraised clearly that the numerator of this expression would be the possible maximum deformation of the means equivalent of the system when being applied the external force, if this amplitude B is greater to that value we would be obtaining more energy and therefore an amplification of
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Page 5 below.
energy, we remember work = energy and the energy is force by displacement, defines then the amplification factor like:
(picture here strong DesplazamienWo/static Displacement)
The factor of frequency or syntony is also defined like:
(picture here)
Thus then it is possible to be rescribir:
(pic here)
the phase angle
(pic here)
A graph of (5) will help us to include/understand better the situation near the resonance as dep is appraised more down for different practical values and q:
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page 6
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page 7
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page 8
Observing these previous graphs of amplitude, the maximum amplification is not to the frequency of resonance (q = 1), but in a smaller value it is obtained from:
(work out here)
What means then that stops a factor of damping of p =1/V2 we are in the case limit, and dampings majors no longer produce maximum, except for obvious in wf=0 of equal value to the unit.
The maximum amplification, in maximum q will be then:
(work out here)
In the resonance frequency, q = 1, has an amplification of:
(work out here)
This last value receives the name of resonance amble
He is also interesting to appreciate the analogy of these equations and graphs with the electrical equivalents, in the resonant electrical circuits study in courses of mains, exist the curves of universal resonance there are the same shown here, the system mass-means is dice by an inductance and a condenser and the rubbing or viscous damping by the electrical resistance, thus in those circuits in resonance exists a current amplification or voltage, but never a power amplification because the energy always in those electrical systems contributes to the source and the load to it is passive, nevertheless here in the mechanical system when increasing the oscillation in resonance the work done by the force applied it alternates increases since the amplitude of the oscillation increases for the same force, that energy does not come from the external agent applies the force but it is given by the own mechanical system it stores energy and it is at heart the energy maintains to the solid like so, the stored molecular internal energies like potential energy, reason why this mechanical energy amplification does not break the conservation law of energy, is simply an energy transfer. To notice that the factor decides if we will have amplification is the one of damping and therefore not always this amplification is guaranteed, depends then on the elasticity degree of the solid or material and if its elastic range is very small we will not have results, normally all the current materials have ample elastic range and if we remembered the factor of
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Page 9
damping of the steel for example we gave before was of 0.01, the amplification factor rises by on 50
Arises a question, how to enconWrar the frequency of resonance GE sisWema? , good, we can in first approach consider it by the classic formula of oscillations:
some science divider with (k line m) here can't be arsed with another pic.
That it would serve to begin with as point then as we already know also depends on the damping, but it helps us, elasticity we can consider it to k of the Young's modulus of the material to analyze, but it is very clear with this simple formula that this frequency will increase with the elasticity of the material and will lower with its mass, a very great system will vibrate to smaller VLF and to higher frequencies
Nevertheless if we are practitioners more and we watched the equation of phase angle between the force and the displacement in vibration (6) we see that to the frequency of resonance q =1, the phase angle must be of 90?, reason why experimentally can find it thus
The energy amplification in resonance is a phenomenon clearly explained and justified in Mechanics with solid a practical and theoretical base, it is a so important fact that the technicians and engineers must take care of that their equipment does not vibrate or enters vibration with some harmonica happens through the resonance of the system, especially that care takes themselves in the generating turbines from electricity, motors, etc, take place repetitive analyzes of vibration of the machines in order that this does not happen. The theoretical analysis has been made here is for showing the nature of the mechanical resonance and clearly it is appraised that the maximum amplification is not to the resonance frequency but a slightly smaller value, and depends strongly on the damping of the system, therefore to frequencies different from the one of more distant resonance or harmonicas the amplification is cushioned quickly, the resonance is welcome in fields like music, the violin arc excites the cords of the same in many frequencies, but the one of resonance only persists and its overtones and by all means for those who we worked in free energy. Violation in the principle of conservation of energy does not exist, the energy in excess leaves the amplification comes from the excited body same and is released to the outside and it is due to notice that to persist the force this one initiates the oscillation will grow indefinitely until the body colapse, that is to say, if we saw that for the steel the factor was of 50 that does not mean that if we applied to 1 Watt 50 the maximum to hope are Watt, to persist the initial force, that yes is valid in the first cycle, but in the second cycle of those 50 oscillation Watt will amplify 50 2500 thus times that is Watt and by each cycle until the body colapse if the operating force does not pause. In this respect another case similar to the one of Tacoma Narrows and its bridge was mentioned at the outset, has in Nikola experience Tesla realized during the construction of the famous Building of New York in the USA, the Empire State, Tesla took a small small box worked with batteries and only vibrated as today it makes a vibrator of cellular, that all the structure of the building began to move as in an earthquake and
last page of document - page 10.
workers were there were scared, made to Tesla enough to demonstrate it exactly the resonance produces mechanical energy amplification not only but electrical also the positive applications of the mechanical resonance see in mining today, rocks among others destroy with this one method, using it as generator is not very practitioner since a very great structure would be needed would end up slowly destroying itself and their waves would mechanically affect the environment, although nothing is impossible, but it is more obvious to do it with electricity that with mechanical energy
Doubts or consultations to the post office:
gigawattgratis@l 23mail.cl gigawattgratis@ubbi.com
Juan Araya M.
Reserved rights.
Tranlated spanish document named TRANSMISOR VLF
page 1 out of 3,
TRANSMITTING VLF
Majorities:
The subject of the mathematical treatment of the reflections and amplifications in the ionosphere is a little complex to analyze traditional physical route of fields, for this reason, as the engineers are good to model, those complications are eliminated enough with a good model, the best model turns out to be one circuital and not of field equations, but before the following concepts of the physics of propagation of electromagnetic waves must consider.
Transmitting antenna: Generally series is a resonant circuit, with its resistance, Rd, inductance L and capacity C, as it is appraised in the Fig.l, this case since the frequency is very low for the physical lengths of wave, the antenna has a capacity actually, this capacity is very low what offers a very high impedance in transmission and a very low efficiency, similar or worse than the one of the antennas of the traditional transmitters in A.M., that is to say, the radiated power she is much more small that the power consumed by the transmitter, for that reason the ideal would be to eliminate this capacity to obtain the maximum possible power output.
This stray capacitance cannot be eliminated, but their effects can be eliminated applying a pulse of AT to that condenser, that generally can be modeled like an air dielectric condenser, because between the radiator of the antenna and the shield there is air and it is enough to overcome his dielectric strenght to cortocircuitar the condenser as if there was a switch in parallel or disruptor
(diagram here)
Fig.l. Model transmitting antenna
Radiation resistance: It is the resistance in series with the capacity of the antenna VLF and represents the transferred power or radiated to the space, for simple vertical antennas, whose physical length is inferior to % of wave, valid for the antennas VLF, its value in Ohms calculates by the formula:
(work out)
And its capacity in tip farads is:
(work out)
l is the length of the radiator in inches, /la frequency in Megahertz, K their height in feet, D the diameter of the radiator in inches.
Poityng vector: It indicates the intensity of radiation and direction of propagation of a travelling electromagnetic wave in means, his magnitude is in Watts by squared meter, useful to know the intensity the electrical or magnetic component certain distance of
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page 2,
transmitter and how the amplitude of the wave decays, because as a wave member state propagates, still by the free space, its intensity decays
For an isotropic radiator, that is that emit waves member state in all the directions, or spherical waves, from power of transmission P, applying the previous thing, obtains the following formula for the electrical field strenght (to a distance r of the transmitter:
(work out here)
Resistance of propagation: In fact it is an impedance, but it interests the resistiva component to us that she is the one that inflicts casualties majors and symbolizes the effect of the energy loss of wave member state as it propagates by the free space.
For the isotropic radiator, its value in Ohms according to (1) is:
(work out here)
Being [the distance to the transmitter.
Like the antenna that we would use is not isotropic, but directional, it is enough to multiply by a special correction constant, that is to say instead of to consider propagation spherical we can consider a cylindrical propagation for the parabolic one, or conic section for the directional dipole.
To this resistance a temporary retardation must also be added him, like the traditional lines of communication, and represent in this case, the time that the wave delays in crossing the distance between the terrestrial surface and the ionosphere during a reflection
Model of the ionosphere:
The equivalent circuit for this case of the ionosphere, is a resonant circuit parallel LC, that it has to the condenser loaded to a continuous potential, the condenser is the capacity between the ionosphere and the Earth or the spherical condenser associate, and the inductance the produced one by the electrical currents that circulate around the spherical layer of the ionosphere. This resonance is assumed in the fundamental one of 7,8 Hertz, since shown circuit LC oscillates only in the fundamental one, the linearities could not simulate the harmonicas
(diagram here)
Fig.2 Model Ionosphere
Somebody could say that here it lacked the resistance because it also must have it, losses, yes is certain, but, we must consider that the continuous source represents the energy of the loads that continuously are accumulated in the ionosphere originating of the Sun, reason why this system is being always red-supply, and the loss is not feasible.
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page 3,
Complete model of the transmitter:
The following model is the equivalent circuit of all the system, transmitter, antenna, ionosphere:
(diagram here)
Fig 3 complete Model of the transmitting VLF
The shown oscillating source or like AT OSC, corresponds to the oscillator of High voltage whose circuit is omitted here, but battery employee, because it depends on the type of antenna to use and his particular geometry, if dipole it is armored or parabolic, its frequency would have to be in the rank of 7,8 Hertz and adapted amplitude to unload the radiator of the antenna to Earth or shield of the antenna, would have to be order of the tens of Kilo Volt, Rg corresponds to the internal resistance of the oscillator and has to do with the power of the oscillator, that would have to be low, Ca is the stray capacitance of the antenna formed between the radiator and earth or shield, interrupting-disruptor SW, it models the unloading of the Ca condenser when the High voltage of the oscillator exceeds the tension of rupture of the system, this because the stray capacitance of antenna is a condenser, but of air dielectric that separates the radiator of the shield to Earth, value of a few Kilo Volt, this, because the dielectric strenght of the air in normal conditions is of 30 KV by centimeter of separation between radiator and earth; thus then when unloading Ca it is as if SW was closed, and all the power of the oscillator is transferred to the radiation resistance Rd, in the form of electromagnetic pulse of high power, but low energy, that travels through the propagation resistance, Rp, towards the ionosphere formed by the resonant block, the block formed by Rp is not a simple resistance, must include the effect of retardation and reflection, for that reason it is locked in to him like a block, a line of communication of equal temporary retardation while it delays the travelling wave in arriving at the layer of equal reflection to x/c, being x the trajectory of the wave, and c speed of the light. Thus then, by means of successive reflections the amplification of the signal in the transmitter can be appreciated and useful power can be obtained from down.
In fact the resistance of the generator, Rg and capacity C conform a self-sustained oscillation, even though the voltage of the generator is continuous.
By: Mam 70 (CB, 123mail.cl, jarayam&Jatinmail. com
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And thats it as far as the spanish documents go in the other thread,pretty much translated enough apart from that the rest for you to figure out, translated with systran premium 6.
thank you, Juan for coming back to do the english translation for us.I think I now have enough info to proceed.triffid
Opps I made a mistake!Thanks to" litfdaniel1 "for the spanish to english translation.without I would still be lost here.triffid.
It is a good enough translation to get the idea about what they are talking about,had to include the pictures of the scientific workouts to get a better picture,took about 2 hours to do all that,useing software which would cost over ?500/978 usd .
Well enjoy,feel sorry for the guy who had to type, this software does it in seconds to translate.
I found out my human translator got hung up on one word.I guess since he and I are new coworkers.I work in the area next to his.He was not sure how to tell me?I told him someone else had done the translation so he relaxed and then told me he had a problem with the one word.I will look at all of this more during my weekend which starts thursday.I had checked the price of the software and found it to about $500.00 here too. Too Costly.to be taken lightly.triffid
I had a friend look at this material and he pretty much said that he doubts it can generate 5 kw as it is tiltled.He said maybe just under a kilowatt.He gave that much hope.
he said since it uses capacitors and not a secondary coil it can't possibly generate 5 kw.he said a secondary would allow for more power.triffid
I am sorry for casting doubts on this device .I certainly dont want to belittle anyone's
efforts here.I want to build something bigger than a battery charger or crystal radio set.Also my friend may be in error .I might be in error.I only see one capacitor in the diagram.Right now I'm only working on one speed between work and family and that is SLOW.Triffid
Thanks for that translation daniel!
And thanks for including the pics.
This is actually quite an interesting read. :)
Quote from: lltfdaniel1 on February 17, 2008, 02:17:22 PM
It is a good enough translation to get the idea about what they are talking about,had to include the pictures of the scientific workouts to get a better picture,took about 2 hours to do all that,useing software which would cost over ?500/978 usd .
Well enjoy,feel sorry for the guy who had to type, this software does it in seconds to translate.
I must admit I'm still a little confused here but now realize that the diagram here is not complete.
The pictures says what the diagram does not.There are 4 diodes in the picture and only two in the diagram.There might be a secondary coil in the picture but not in the diagram.The Notch filter can only be another capacitor..I can guess where the third diode goes but not the fourth,not yet.I'm still working on this.Triffid
Well,i did include the document names in this thread so you won't get lost, just look at the spanish documents to look for the 4th diode,i know i did not get the full picture.
I will look again,Thanks.Triffid
I'm still working on this,Just figured out this week how to make the bobbin type coils.
hello,again .While I have not made much progress here.I did find someone who had. (www.vlf.it).It is a website all about very low freqs(less than 22hz).It's all in english.triffid.