Eds design

[Shanti]

Didn't post here since a long time...

But I stumbled from another project on an idea, which could easily explain the Gray-story, and where the OU is coming from.

First a very short summary as I got the story:

The two friends Marvin Cole and Edwin Gray wanted to make new efficient motors, which were working on the impulse-principle. Up 'til now, nothing OU like.
Cole was the engineer and Gray basically responsible for the marketing.

The principle of impulse-motors is, that you only put very short, but very strong current pulses on the electromagnets, when the coils are in the best position. Like that you get a much higher torque, and can still get to higher rpms than with conventional motors.
The big disadvantage is, that you need much higher voltages and currents, which makes the switching of these currents very complex and costly. Additionally you have to insulate everything quite strongly, due to the high voltages which again is costly and also makes the cooling less efficient.

Anway, they made one prototype after the other, which probably were more and more efficient. Then, as it seems, after th 5th prototype a OU effect showed up.

Then they made a new series of prototype motors to increase this effect and the power of the motors (EMA series). The second such prototype motor of this "OU-series" with 10hp power was then tested externally by the Crosby institute.

In the meantime they were at the 4th prototype (EMA4), which delivered around 30hp.
The actual inventor, engineer and constructor of this motor (Marvin Cole) suddenly didn't wan't to continue anymore and went away.

Much has been speculated, what happened there. Often with a paranoid undertone (especially in OU-communities)

But what if Cole suddenly discovered, how the motors really worked and that they werent' really OU?
In the meantime they had many obligations due to made contracts (for they needed money for developing the motors). It could well be, that therefore Cole wanted to get out of it as fast as possible, not to get drawn into a financial bottomless pit or maybe even jail due to possible sueings


That was BTW then exactly what happened to Gray. An investor sued Gray, as he didn't deliver. Due to that all material was confiscated (also the motors). Finally Gray was found guilty for fraud and the motors were shredded. The only leftover piece from Marvin Cole was now gone.
Already at that time as also later it showed that Gray used quite shady methods to get money from investors, which were often not quite legal.

But back to the story, when Cole disappeared, and the motor EMA4 was still there.

Gray was no engineer, so he hired a new enginbeer Mr Hackenberger. There still was a "functional" motor, and as it seems he assigned Hackenberger with the task to find out, how it worked and also to increase its power.

Hackenberger now tried to discover, how the motor produced the OU, but he didn't succeed.
The only thing they did know, is that the motor did need oxygen to deliver the OU effect. This has been clearly stated in the technical report from them.
But they did not know why it needed the oxygen. And how this was related to the OU production.

Air has been constantly pumped through the motor and the commutators for cooling.
Certainly one big problem was the wear on the commuators, which were rather rotating spark gaps.
I personally guess, that Hackenberger once tried to decrease the wear on the commutators by using an inert gas, and not air for cooling, and that this resulted in the OU-effect disappearing.
So that then they got aware, that oxygen was needed.

So they knew oxygen was needed for the OU, but not why. Hack developed several theories, but as it seems they never did find out the principle.
So the story more and more got away from the OU side, although Gray always tried  with the help of the Crosby report to get investors.
But he left nothing else than scorched earth (or cheated investors), as they had no idea, why there was an OU in the late Cole motors.


But back to the actual point.

It is known, that for the first prototypes (not OU) he used thyratrons/ignitrons for switching. This is actually quite straight forward, and probably many other engineers also would have taken them at that time, as Power FETs weren't yet available.
But these thyratrons/ignitrons are very expensive and they do not like to be used in a way with many "shots" per second, as they are needed in such an impulse motor.
Therefore they got defective quite fast and had to be replaced (this is a known fact and was a big financial problem for them!)

My personal guess is, that Cole therefore switched to a direct commutator (rotating spark gap), for they simply couldn't afford anymore the dramatic thyratron/ignitron wasting.
But then I guess the commutators showed a strong wear.
It could well be, that from that point on, some kind of OU started to appear.

It is more or less known, that the so called "Gray-Tube" (which Bedini saw) was the last "device" that Cole made, before he left. As it seems, the HV-event takes here place in an external device and the commutators in the motor only trigger these events.
This would make sense as in improvement.
In its basic principle IMHO a kind of Trigatron, so a spark triggered spark gap. You only do not have an additional HV to trigger, but you trigger directly the main HV, by a smaller spark which you limit by a resistor, so that not all energy will flow through there. One could also use a capacitor for that, but this would complicate a bit the circuit.

But how can there be any OU developing inside that device?

Here comes my idea, which I got during thinking about another project:

In a spark gap discharge a very big heat is generated, especially at such high currents as in such an impulse motor. This big heat evaporates part of the electrodes and if there's oxygen, it burns the evaporated metal. This combustion heat obviously additionally heats the gap. And this heat obviously also results in an expansion of the gas in the gap (similar to any common combustion engine).

But if you now hold this discharge plasma in the gap non neutral, e.g. by holding both electrodes positive, and if there's a third electrode perpendicular to the spark gap, with a potential so that there's an electric field which pushes positive ions away, you can convert the additional heat to electric energy.

The positive ions get repelled by the perpendicular grid. But the heat expansion (explosion)  pushes them into the direction of this grid.
You basically create a small explosion which pushes the positive ions outside.

That this can work, the outer perpendicular electrode has to have many holes, as this expansion would otherwise be aerodynamically hindered. OTOH due to the gridding of the electrode you need several electrodes. But probably two would already be sufficient, for as soon as the pos ions are in between the first and the second grid they are in a zero field (faraday cup) and therefore get attracted by the second grid (influence attraction). But more grids surely wouldn't be too bad, as then you can make the grids very loose so that the expansion doesn't get hindered a lot.

This would be quite the setup of the Gray Tubes as reported by Bedini. He still saw the original Tubes as made by Cole (after he left):

http://www.keelynet.com/evgray/edgray1.jpg

There surely may be some details in this image, which could be missing or wrong, but the basic setup looked like that. And I strongly believe that this sketch is much closer to the real device than the later patent. Especially that here, the grids are also over the bigger diameter carbon part. This is IMHO important, as otherwise you cannot really use it as a Trigatron.


Again back to the principle:

It's basically the same as with e.g. a Van de Graaff generator. Only that there the charges get transported by a rubber belt against the field to the top capacitor, whereas in this example the charges would be catapulted to the top by an explosion.

So in the same image, you would have in the tube, where usually the belt is running a charged ion cloud at the bottom which gets catapulted to the top against the electric field by an explosion at the bottom.
Also in this example it would be obvious that you would need some holes at the top of the tube, otherwise the cloud would be hindered at its expansion.

So the additional energy would actually come from burning the electrodes. You would also see this optically. E.g. if you burn copper, the spark will become green-blue. That's the typical color for burning copper and is used widely to color fireworks.

It is also known, that the motors never did run for a long time before something went defective. Maybe this was exactly the reason. The wear, due to burning of the copper, was so extreme, that the motor couldn't run for extended periods.
Also the Crosby report tests, which verified the OU only run for 21 mins.

At least it would easily explain, why oxygen was needed for the OU effect to take place.

In the same context:
Actually burning metal for energy generation is not that far off.
E.g. the PSI made a study for the swiss national energy department about using aluminium for home heating instead of oil, or gas. As it seems, this would work very good. The energy density is quite good and in its raw form it does not burn and is not hazardous and can easily be transported.
The resulting aluminium-oxide can easily be collected and then later again be converted to aluminium with the help of electric energy.

Also the NASA made tests with a water-aluminium-suspension as a rocket fuel. There one did put tiny aluminium particles inside the water. The big advantage is, that this water suspension is much easier to handle than pure aluminium (as it is liquid).
So one could even make a demo for a "water"-motor, where one shows that one just burns water, which you can also drink as a proof.
If the spark is strong enough, such a suspension could also be used as a direct combustion engine gaz replacement in an Otto-motor.

BTW: Schauberger also used aluminium in his Klimator (room heating unit). There as a fuel he used a disc of aluminium together with pressed wood chips and some other stuff (like Selen).
But Schauberger burnt this stuff "cold" in his machine. This he did by ionizing the air, so that the oxygen got so reactive, that it oxidized the fuel even at low temperatures. I personally guess the wood chips were necessary so that the aluminium wasn't there as a whole bloc, as this way it probably would have been harder to burn.
The wood chips would slowly burn away and so piece by piece reveal some aluminium.

From this POV also the non neutral positive plasma in a gray-tube could consist in a big part of O+ ions. These are extremely aggressive and could drastically increase the "burning" of the electrodes and by that the additional energy release, similar like in the Schauberger Klimator.