Energy from the Ground - Self powered generator by Barbosa and Leal

[MileHigh]

I found an excellent link for a SWER system test done by am amateur experimenter.

This is a decent experiment with real numbers and sets a good example.

http://www.aprs.org/aprs-swer-test.html

Test Setup: We found a rural road, stuck a broom handle out the window and let a 3200 foot roll of #20 wire fly from a small 6" spool. We cut a normal 8' copper clad steel ground rod into three pieces and drove them into the ground about 4 feet apart. That was one end. (not shown).

Then at the other end (the hiking end) we used four very small 2 foot rods 3/16ths inch) spaced about 3 feet apart that you can see in the image to the right. The path length was about .45 mile or 2500 feet between ground rods (though I had 3200 feet of wire but just ran out of straight road). The wire resistance was about 35 Ohms. To simplify the test so that we did not have to be at both ends at once, we simply grounded the distant end of the wire to the original 3 copper-clad rods, and did both the source and load at the same end shown here (with son AJ, WA4APR holding wire).

Using only 214 VDC input (conveniently from the Prius),we got a 100W light to normal brilliance (measured 115 volts across it) meaning there was 100 volts loss in the ground loop system. This implied a 100 Ohm loop system (32 ohms was in my wire). So we achieved about 65 Ohms ground system with my little rods. Doubling the depth of the rods or the number of rods would halve the resistance.

Performance of 4 rods yielded 114 volts to bulb
Performance of 3 rods dropped voltage to 108
Performance of 2 rods dropped voltage to 82
Performance of 1 rod dropped voltage to 47.

The 100 Watt bulb of course is very non-linear, so I will have to bench test it to find out what the currents were drawing at the other 3 test points. But because of the spacing of the rods being farther than the depth of the rods, the resistance should have been relatively independent yielding a linear response to the number of rods.

GROUND RODS: Since conventional SWER Power systems deliver hundreds of Kw using grounds as simple as 30 foot single rods or more as needed. A 10 ohm ground resistance is ideal in moist soil as shown to the right. Halving the depth of a rod increases the resistance by probably a factor of 2.5. Doubling the number of rods reduces the resistance by a factor of 2 as long as they are as far apart as deep. Our small system goal is about 50-100 Ohms so we can go with a single 8 foot rod or two 4 foot rods, or four 2 foot rods. I prefer the shorter rods because they are easy to remove.

I'd say our test soil is "farming, loamy and clay" and so a 3 meter rod (10 feet) would give us about 33 ohms. But we used only four 2 foot rods, (equivalent to about a single 5 foot rod maybe and so we got double this or about 66 ohms over the 2000 feet of earth which seems consistent with the table..

Conclusion: This test was entirely satisfactory. Especially since in practice, we will not use the Prius battery, but will use a 150 watt 115 VAC inverter from the vehicle 12v system so that we have complete isolation of the SWER loop from the vehicle. We will use 2 caps and 2 diodes to double that to 330 VDC which will further reduce the loss in the loop resistance. In any case, we will have more than enough power to power a 50 Watt station on the mountain top.

See the APRS-SWER web page.

SWER systems can be done just as safely as other power distribution systems if done correctly. They can also be done dangerously by those not fully understanding the principles involved. Do not try this at home!

Bob, WB4APR

[MileHigh]

Hark yonder...

[MileHigh]

More on resistance...

[MileHigh]

You guys are just going to L O V E this one because it's from 1901.  So it has street cred.

http://earlyradiohistory.us/1901fa21.htm

Earth-currents or Leakages.

    When a linear conductor dips at each end into the earth, and voltage is impressed upon it by any means, the resulting return current would probably flow through the earth in a straight line between these two points if the conductibility of the earth were perfect; but as the earth, per se, is a very poor conductor (and probably is so only because it is moist), lines of current-flow spread out symmetrically in a way that recalls the figure of a magnetic field. These diffused currents are evident at great distances, and can be easily traced by means of exploring earth-plates or rods. The primary current is best produced by alternating currents of such a frequency as to excite a distinct musical note in a telephone, and if these currents rise and fall periodically and automatically, they produce an unmistakable wail, which, if made and broken by a Morse key into short and long periods, can be made to represent the dots and dashes of the Morse alphabet. The secondary circuit, which contains the receiving telephone, is completed in the case of an earth area by driving two rods into the ground, and in the case of water by dipping plates therein, 5 to 10 yards apart.
    It is therefore necessary to be able to distinguish these earth-currents from those due to induction, as they are apt to give false effects, and to lead to erroneous conclusions. This is easily done, if the instrument be sensitive enough, by making the primary current continuous when the earth-current also becomes continuous, whereas the induction currents will be momentary, and will only be observed at the beginning and end of the primary or inducing current.

Look!  The attached images from 1901 show you how the current actually flows in the ground!

[MileHigh]

Moisture and salt content....