Announcement: These bastards should be warned about and then ignored...

[pix]

Can SOMEBODY PLEASE EXPLAIN what this guy is sputtering about.
I CANNOT figure out what in the world he is trying to tell us.


Thanks.

Just ignore him. He is mental.
Regards,
Pix

[lancaIV]

Hello Lee,#20 related:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiddisch
google translator:


Yiddish
Yiddish ( יידיש )
Speaker 1.5 million ( 2013) [ 1]
linguistic
classification
Indo-European
Germanic
West Germanic
high German
Yiddish
official status
Official language of Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg Jewish Autonomous Oblast (Russia )
Recognised minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina , Moldova, the Netherlands, Poland , Romania , Sweden, (Ukraine )
language Codes
ISO 639-1 :
yi


ISO 639-2 :
yid


ISO 639-3 :
yid ( macro language )


Included Single Languages:


ydd ( Eastern Yiddish , Israel)
yih (Western Yiddish , Germany , Austria )
Yiddish ( יידיש or אידיש , literally jewish, short for daitsch Yiddish , Judeo- German ) is one of about a thousand year old language that was spoken and written by the Ashkenazi Jews in many parts of Europe , and spoke of some of their descendants to this day and written will . It is an emerged from the Middle High German West Germanic , enriched with Hebrew , Aramaic , Latin , Slavic and other language elements language general opinion . It divides into western and Ostjiddisch , the latter consists of the dialects Southeast , Middle East and Nordostjiddisch .
The Yiddish language has in the Middle Ages used in the course of the most due to Christian persecution migrations of Jews from the German-speaking area of Europe , especially eastward to Eastern Europe, where the Ostjiddisch was born. [ 2] With the emigration of millions of Eastern European Jews in the late 19th and early 20 Century then spread westward and reached the new Jewish centers in America and Western Europe , and later to Israel.
Yiddish was one of three Jewish languages ​​of the Ashkenazi Jews , in addition to the largely reserved for the written Hebrew and Aramaic. It was used not only as a spoken , but as with Hebrew letters written and printed everyday language. A role similar to the Yiddish plays for the Sephardic Jews, the Jews language Spanish, Ladino and also named differently .
While the Westjiddisch early as the 18th Extinction century began , the Ostjiddisch was the everyday language of the majority of Jews in Eastern Europe until the Holocaust perpetrated by the Nazis destroyed the Jewish centers in continental Europe. Today, Yiddish is spoken as a mother tongue of elderly Jews from Eastern Europe originating from a small number of so-called Jiddischisten but rain and especially of ultra-Orthodox Ashkenazi Jews. Their number is estimated at over a million.
Because the speaking, writing , and cultural creativity in Yiddish since the late 18th Century is done almost exclusively on ostjiddischer basis , is today understood Yiddish fact Ostjiddisch unless expressly Westjiddisch of the speech. In this article, therefore, is at the center of the Ostjiddische description.
Contents [hide ]
1 History
2 Names
3 font
3.1 Adjusted Hebrew characters
3.2 Yiddish special characters ( digraphs )
4 phonetics
4.1 vowels
4.2 consonants
5 grammar
5.1 nouns
5.1.1 case inflection
5.1.2 plural formation
5.1.3 diminutive I ( reduction )
5.1.4 diminutive II ( Imminutiv )
5.2 Article
5.3 adjectives
5.4 adverbs
5.5 verb
5.6 Numerals
5.7 conjunctions
5.7.1 in addition to ordering conjunctions
5.7.2 subordinating conjunctions
6 Yiddish culture
6.1 Yiddish literature
6.2 Yiddish theater
6.3 Yiddish press
6.4 Yiddish film
6.5 Yiddish music
7 Exploration and language maintenance
7.1 institutions
7.2 Language Courses
Example 8 Reading
9 See also
10 Literature
11 links
12 Notes and references
History [edit ]






The oldest preserved written testimony of a whole sentence in Yiddish from the Worms Machzor , 1272
In the Middle High German period developed in the German- Jewish -specific forms of German, spoken by Jews among themselves and usually written with a specially adapted Hebrew alphabet. Characteristic features are a large number of borrowings from most biblical Hebrew and Aramaic and to a lesser extent, some borrowings from Romanic ( French , Italian and Spanish).
Due to anti-Semitism and persecution of Jews in the 11th Century and mentioned especially after the Black Death Great Plague of 1348 it came to mass migration of Jews from the German-language area to Eastern Europe, especially in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and in consequence to a linguistically separate development : developed the Yiddish in the West in contact with the Germans and further resembled to him especially in the wake of secularization and assimilation of German Jews since the 18th Century largely , while the Yiddish in the Middle East as the Jewish Germans kept stronger and more developed mainly through borrowings and through the acquisition of morphological and syntactic elements of Slavic origin in contact with Slavic languages. It divides the Yiddish therefore Westjiddisch and Ostjiddisch .
Until the early 18th Century it was the Westjiddische , which was decisive for the Yiddish book printing. In the late 18th However century had replaced the East-Central European printing locations in Western Central Europe , and as a result , and because of the advanced assimilation of the Jews of Germany to put the Ostjiddische by the new standard of the Yiddish language . In the 19th Century are also non-religious publications and more frequently , and it follows a continuous until the Second World War era, which is often regarded as the golden age of Yiddish literature . This period applies to the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language together and the rebirth of Hebrew literature .




Jewish emigrants on the German -Polish border
With the mass emigration to North America and England in the late 19th Century expanded the Yiddish increasingly in the English -speaking world and was therefore increasingly influenced by English as a contact language . Due to the large number jiddischsprachiger immigrants have found their way into the vocabulary of colloquial American English a number of Yiddish words.
Yiddish was one of the official languages ​​of the independent Ukrainian People's Republic between 1917-1920 . The history of the Jews in the Soviet Union was contradictory . In the 1920s and 1930s, Yiddish was for several years in addition to the Russian , Belarusian and Polish state language in Soviet Belarus . On one hand operation to the Soviet Union during Stalin's times an actively anti-Jewish policy and persecuted the Jewish religion, the Bible study , the Zionist movement and the Hebrew language . On the other hand, Yiddish language and literature were officially promoted at least until the Second World War. Between 1918 and 1923, Jewish sections ( " Jewsekzija " ) were built under the leadership of veteran Simon Dimantstein within the CPSU. Their task was to establish a " Jewish proletarian culture" that should be " national in form and socialist in content " in the words of Stalin. There were three major Yiddish newspapers : Emes ( "truth" in Moscow, 1920-39 ) , Shtern ( 1925-41 in Ukraine) and Oktjabr ( "October" , from 1925 to 1941 in Belarus ) . The establishment of a Yiddish school system was supported . 1932 visited 160,000 Jewish children in the Soviet Union, a Yiddish school. But due to lack of higher education opportunities in Yiddish and the increasingly xenophobic policies of Stalin , these schools were closed in the years around the country.
1925, the YIVO was ( Yiddish wißnschaftlecher inßtitut ) as an academic institution for the study of Yiddish and Eastern European Jewish culture opened in the then Polish Wilno . Since 1940 is the headquarters in New York in 1941 , the Nazis looted the headquarters in Vilnius . Also in Kiev and Minsk scientific institutes for the study of Yiddish language , literature and culture were established , which published her work in Yiddish .
In 1928, the Jewish Autonomous oblast ( Birobidzhan ) was established in the eastern Soviet Union. Here Yiddish should be introduced as an official language , but the Yiddish-speaking population never reached the majority. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, most of the Jews of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast have emigrated to Israel , Germany and the USA . Yiddish is spoken by only a fraction of the population .
Today, there are some traditional , ultra-orthodox Jewish communities as particularly in New York City ( in the borough of Brooklyn ) and in the New York suburbs Kiryas Joel , New Square and Monsey , [3] in Montreal and in the suburbs in Kiryas Tosh in London, in Antwerp and in Jerusalem ( about the Me'a She'arim neighborhood) larger groups of speakers who use Yiddish as an everyday language and pass on to the next generation. In addition to these speakers , there is also a small secular community of speakers , which further maintains that Yiddish .
Names [ Edit]






David Hirsch Nomberg , Chaim Zhitlovsky , Sholem Asch , Itzhok Lejb Perez, Abraham traveling during the Czernowitz Conference (left to right ) , postcard
Jiddischsprecher denote the Yiddish as mamme loschn ( מאַמע - לשון , German mother tongue). The German word Yiddish is a relatively new made-up word . It is a borrowing from the English Yiddish , Yiddish dates back to the turn of Eastern European Jewish immigrants brought to England Yiddish word . Yiddish ( or idisch ) in Yiddish means both "Jewish" and " Yiddish " . Older names which were often used pejoratively , are German Jews , and Jewish- German jargon.
In English, the word Yiddish is occupied since 1886 , as first in the novel Children of Gibeon by Walter Besant with the explanation that it was a language mixed in Polish, German and Hebrew , soon after, but then also by occasional use in linguistic publications such as Alexander Harkavys Dictionary of the Yiddish Language ( New York 1898) and Leo Wiener's History of Yiddish Literature in the Nineteenth Century ( London & New York, 1899) , which even in such trade publications to the 20th Century older names such as Judaeo - German initially remained predominant.
Yiddish at the Anglicization of the Yiddish word the consonant "d" was doubled monophthong -i to get the and the otherwise obvious pronunciation in English - prevent - a . With a short first syllable and the word was then double consonant " Yiddish " also taken from English into German in the form where it first in Gustav Karpeles ' History of Jewish Literature ( Berlin 1909 , there next to " Judeo- German " ) and then in Solomon Birnbaum's essay Yiddish poetry (1913 ) appears . Here, the anglicism was Yiddish in competition not only with the older names , but also to the sometimes directly into High German taken from the Ostjiddischen name Yiddish , such as those in the caption "Transfers Yiddish folk poetry " to the collection of Eastern European Jewish Love Songs ( Berlin 1920 ) by Ludwig Strauss appears .
It is instrumental to the initiative pear tree and the influence of his practical grammar of the Yiddish Language (1918 ) and his numerous publications and Encyclopedia Article ascribe that Yiddish ( and also in English, Yiddish ) in the subsequent period established as a specialized language term , as a term initially mainly for the neuostjiddische , and comprehensive language for all periods including the western Yiddish.
Font [ Edit]






" Bovo d' Antona ", later " Bove - book" or " Bove Majße " by Elia Levita of 1507/1508 , first printed edition of 1541 : The first fully-preserved non-religious Yiddish book. On the title of Folk etymology is reinterpreted term " bobe - majße " invented story , literally " grandmother story " back .
For the case of Yiddish is the - that are adapted - Hebrew alphabet used ( Aljamiado notation) . Transcriptions into Latin script , there are several that can be easily converted into each other though. International used is developed by the New York YIVO in transcription, which is based in part on the English notation.
Adapted Hebrew characters [ Edit]
Sign YIVO transcription by Name
א alef shtumer
אַ a pasekh alef
אָ o Komets alef
ב b beys
בֿ v veys
ג g giml
ד d daled
Hey ה h
ו u vov
וּ u melupm vov
ז z zayen
Kh ח khes
ט t th
י y, i yud
יִ i khirek yud
כּ k kof
כ ך kh khof , long khof
L lamed ל
מ ם m mem, mem shlos
נ ן s now , now long
ס s samekh
Ayin ע s
פּ p pey
פֿ ​​ף f fey , fey long
צ ץ ts tsadek , long tsadek
K ק kuf
ר r reysh
ש shin sh
שׂ s sin
תּ t tof
ת s sof
Yiddish special characters ( digraphs ) [edit ]
Sign YIVO transcription by Name
וו v tsvey vovn
זש zayen zh -shin
טש tsh tes -shin
וי oy vov yud
יי ey tsvey yudn
ייַ ay pasekh tsvey yudn
Phonetics [ Edit]


Vowels [ Edit]
Yiddish has worked with many top and especially the Central German dialects numerous sound changes together : unrounding the high vowels MHG S> e, u> i (eg MHG Jüde > jid Yiddish . ) , The diphthongization of MHG or regional frühnhd . long ê > ej , ô > ou or in Ostjiddischen next> / oi / , œ ( > ê ) > ej (eg MHG gene> Yiddish . gejn , MHG bread > Yiddish . brojt , MHG beautiful> Yiddish . schejn ) or Verdumpfung the long central vowel â MHG > ô / û (eg MHG sleep > nordostjidd . schlofn , südjidd . schlufn ) . [4 ]
Althochdt . German Yiddish word Example
a / ā a [a ː ] אָ ( o) sheep , שאָף ( shof )
a a [ a] אַ ( a) salt, זאַלץ ( zalts )
ō o [o ː ] וי ( oy ) bread, ברויט ( BROYT )
ō ö [ ø ː ] יי (ey ) bad , בייז ( beyz )
e e [e ː ] ass אייזל ( eyzl )
e ö [œ ] ע (s) heads קעפּ ( kep )
e e [ ɛ ] closely , ענג (eng)
u u [y ː ], [ ʏ ] י ( i) , איבער ( IBER )
ou / au ū [ ao ] וי ( oy ) eye אויג ( OYG )
ei ei [ ae ] יי (ey ) Stone , שטיין ( Shteyn )
¥ a [ ae ] ייַ (ay ) wine , ווייַן ( vayn )
iu eu [ oe] new נייַ ( nay )
The development of OHG / ei /, / ø :/ and / iu / was not always directly to the neujiddischen sounds, but partially through the intermediate stages / a / > / e :/ > / ej / (eg leg > Ben> bejn ); / ø :/ > / e :/ > / ej / ( Schoni > beautiful> ED > schejn ); / iu / > / y :/ > / i :/ ​​> / aj / (eg . niuwi > nu ( we) > Ní > naj ) .
Consonants [ Edit]
The Yiddish has the High German consonant shift almost fully implemented and thus can be classified as central German dialect.
Protogermanisch standard German Yiddish
* sleep slēpaną שלאָפֿן shlofn
* Pannon pan פֿאַן fan
* aplaz apple עפּל epl
Germanic / p / in words such as sleep run in Yiddish , help , hope , as in standard German to / r / moved : shlofn , loyfn , helfn , hofn . Anlautendes / pf / in pan, pepper , whistle, arrow, horse , plant corresponds Yiddish / f / , similar to the Saxon : fan, fefer , fayfn , Fayl , ferd , flantsn . Since the / p / in epl (apple ) kop (head) is not / pf / moved among the Yiddish not to the Upper German dialects.
As in some Bavarian and Alemannic dialects is כ / ך / ח ( kh ) also for bright vowels as י ( i) יי (ey ) ייַ (ay ) and after ר ( r ) pronounced as [ x] : ליכט likht [ lɪxt ]
Grammar [ Edit]


The Yiddish grammar is fundamentally based German (where it is usually closer to the German dialects than in standard German ), but also has numerous in-house developments and shows various Slavic and some Hebrew influences .
Nouns [ Edit]
Case inflection [ Edit]
The Yiddish shows only remnants of the noun case inflection .
general genitive ending is - ß , regardless of gender : Manss the book, the book frojß , kindß the book (the book of the man , the woman, the child). The use of the genitive , however, is severely limited compared to the Germans.
Special cases are :
the tate (father) - the tatnß genitive , dative and accusative the tatn , and likewise zeide ( grandfather) , vine ( Hasidic Rabiiner , traditional school teachers ) .
the human ( man ) - mentschnß the genitive , dative and accusative the Mentsch or mentschn ; also : jid ( Jew , Jew ) .
di mame (mother) - mameß the genitive , dative of mame or mamen , accusative di mame , and likewise bobe ( grandmother ) , mume ( aunt) .
Personal names have in the dative and accusative names ending in - (e) n , with the combination of first and last name , the ending is just the last name to: I se Dowidn (I see David ) , I Know Arn Barnbojmen ( I know Aaron Birnbaum ) . The suffix can be omitted for stylistic reasons, but also .
froze endings come about before in in, for harzn ( in , to the heart, in a figurative sense ) , in the emeßn ( in truth ) in luftn ( in the air ) in wochn ( during the week ) , far eight Togn ( eight days ago) , ba lajtn ( among decent people ) .
Plural formation [ Edit]
The inflection of nouns differs from that of standard German sharply. Thus, by affection , and by means of diffraction are { -n } more common than in standard German (but the former is partly consistent with conditions in the German dialects ) and, conversely, the German suffix { -e } is unknown in Yiddish . Then knows Yiddish ending with { beta } - or - { ESS } and { - in } morphemes that are borrowed from the Hebrew. { - in } occurs almost exclusively in Hebrew origin nouns, both former both in Hebrew as well as in German and slawischstämmigen words. The spelling of { - (e) ß } is in Hebrew descent according to the Hebrew words in German and slawischstämmigen words to the phonological spelling . The plural form using { - in } is then usually with vowel change , sometimes associated with consonantal change, and often with an emphasis shift from the first to the middle syllable.
Examples that demonstrate the above, as well as the differences zwischer German and Yiddish inflection and also show how the data from different languages ​​endings are sometimes also used in the respective other components (both singular - plural) :
schweßter (German sister) - schweßter
table ( table dt ) - tischn ; Hebrew stocky : jam (Sea) - jamen ; slawischstämmig : kojsch (basket ) - kojschn
tog (Day of ) - teg ;
gortn (German Garden ) - gertner ; stocky Hebrew : kol ( voice ) - keler ; slawischstämmig : SSOD ( Orchard ) - seder
schtekn (German Plug ) - schteknß or mume (German aunt, cousin ) - mumeß ; Hebrew stocky : Chaje (German Animal) - chajeß ; slawischstämmig : nudnik (Eng. boring ) - nudnikeß [ originally Semitic ending , but will be in hebrew origin words on the one hand and German and slawischstämmigen words written on the other hand varies]
Pojer (German Bauer) - pojerim ; Hebrew stocky : Ness (Eng. miracle ) - Nissim or schetech ( dt area ) - schtochim or malbesch (German garment ) - malbúschim [ originally Semitic suffix ]
Diminutive I ( reduction ) [edit ]
Here l is singular in the attached , the plural is formed with - lech : bet ( bed) - Dim I BETL , plural betlech . If possible, Diminuierung connected with affection : hant ( hand) - Dim I hentl .
Diminutive II ( Imminutiv ) [edit ]
The diminutive II is a diminutive version of the affektivere I. In the singular ele will be attached and the plural is formed with - elech : bet ( bed) - Dim II Betele , plural pray lech . If possible, Diminuierung connected with affection : hant ( hand) - Dim hentele II .
Article [ Edit]
The definite article is inflected by gender, case and number , and compared with the German a strong syncretism occurred, see :
singular
masculine
of the dt = ( Nom ) , such as the one of the man
= dt of the (Gen. ) , the ( Dat ) , the ( accusative ) , such as the Manss the man to whom you the man , the man
feminine
di = dt the ( nominative and accusative ), eg di Froj the woman
of the dt = (Gen. and Dat . ) such as the frojß the woman (Gen. ) , the Froj of Women ( Dat )
neuter ( in Nordostjiddischen unknown)
Doss dt = the ( nominative and accusative ), eg, Doss child , the child
= dt of the (Gen. ) , the ( Dat ) , such as the kindß of the child, the child the child
plural
di for all generations and all Case Accusative , eg di mener / frojen / children sing the men / women / children sing, I give book Doss di mener / frojen / children I give the book to the men / women / children
The indefinite article , which occurs only in the singular is on , before a consonant , and before vowels is not inflected : a man , a Froj , a child ( a German / a / one man, one / one woman, one / one child )
Adjectives [ Edit]
The inflection of adjectives differs fundamentally from the German rules by ( with very few exceptions ) does not distinguish between strong and weak inflection.
There are three genera (m, f, n ) and 4 cases (nominative , genitive , dative , accusative ) , and also in part depending on neuter indefinite or definite article distinction between strong and weak inflection. In contrast to German also a relatively extensive collapse of the various case endings has occurred, so that the number of different endings is significantly less . In dialects come in gender and case then before significant deviations from the standardjiddischen control.
Examples:
Nom mask : an old man ( an old German man) , the old one (the old man)
Dat . fem : Froj of age ( an old German woman, dating ) , the old Froj ( the old German woman, dating )
Nom ntr . Klejn a child ( ger a small child ), but : Doss klejne child ( ger the small child )
Adverbs [ Edit]
The Yiddish as the German has a large number unflektierter adverbs .
Verb [ Edit]
The Yiddish knows how the German strong and weak , and a very small number of irregular verbs . Added to this is a periphrastic conjugation is unknown at the German -born Hebrew verbs. Unlike the German , Yiddish neither knows nor a past tense subjunctive.
Examples ( infinitive - 3rd person singular present tense - past participle ) :
strong types:
schrajbn (Eng. write ) - schrajbt - geschribn
sing ( sing ger ) - sang - sung
schlofn (Eng. sleep ) - schloft - geschlofn
weak types:
Moor (German make ) - makes - made
redn (German speaking ) - redt - always resort
ßtraschen (German threaten ) - ßtraschet - geßtraschet
irregular:
hobn (Eng. have ) - hot - gehat
weln (Eng. want ) - wil ( verb ) / wel ( auxiliary verb ) - gewolt
periphrastisch :
mojde Sajn (German release ) - is mojde - mojde Gewen
Very pronounced in Yiddish then a Slavic -inspired system of action types . These differences are mainly in Yiddish , which is spoken in the Slavic area , alive, in the American Yiddish it is rapidly lost .
Examples:
schrajbn dt = write , as a state - complete onschrajbn = writing something : I = dt schrajb a book I 'm about to write a book, but : I picked up a book ongeschribn = the book is finished writing
intereßirn be interested = dt is , as a state - farintereßirn = dt is interested in gaining some
The Perfect is (its German ) standardjiddisch with Sajn or hobn (Eng. have ) is formed: he is gone , he made ​​hot , and the distribution of the auxiliary verbs ( North and East ) may differ German : he is geschtanen , si is geschlofn (German : he has confessed she slept ) . The Nordostjiddische ( originally Lithuania and Belarus ) hobn knows only as an auxiliary verb .
The Yiddish is conditional ( originally weln , dt want to belong ) with wolt formed plus past participle : he wolt geholfn ( dt he would help / heal it ) .
Numerals [ Edit]
The figures in Latin transcribed ( by Ronald Lötzsch 1992) :
0 nul
1 ejnß
2 zwej
3 draj
4 fir
5 finf
6 Sekss
7 SiBN
8 eight
najn 9
10 zen
11 eleven
12 zwelf
from 13 drajzn it is analogous to the German -zn , but note: 14 ferzn ; fufzn 15
Zwanzik comes from 20 - unzwanzik
50 fufzik ; ; 70 sibezik 40 ferzik :; drajßik comes after 30 - zik but note
100 hundred , 1000 tojsnt ; 1000000 miljon
928 834 najn hundred eight un zwanzik tojsnt eight hundred fir un drajßik
Conjunctions [ Edit]
There are in Yiddish only a very limited number of conjunctions that can be beiordnend or submissive as in German . Of these, some Slavic or Hebrew origin . The conjunctions have no influence on the mode or the position of the verb.
besides ordering conjunctions [ Edit]
German transcription Yiddish
and un אוּן
or or אָדער
but above אָבער
because wajl ווייַל
subordinating conjunctions [ Edit]
German transcription Yiddish
although hagam (Hebrew ) / chotsch ( sl. ) הגם / כאָטש
that as אַז
whether OJB אָויב
so bechdej (Hebrew ) בכדי
both ... hen ... hen ( Hebrew ) הן ... הן
either ... or ... or ... or אָדער אָדער
Yiddish culture [ Edit]






" Yiddish worker " , "L' Ouvrier Juif " , Paris . The newspaper was founded in 1911 , in 1914 they hired their appearance .




Poster in Yiddish and Polish for " Tevye the Milchiker " ( Tevye the Milkman ) by Sholem Aleichem , Vilnius




Yiddish posters , World War I (1917 ) , USA, Title: spajs is gewinen di krig !




Posters Yiddish in Brooklyn, New York, 2009
Yiddish literature [ Edit]
→ Main article: Yiddish literature
Early traditional Yiddish testimonies are religious texts , the oldest complete non-religious Yiddish book was the beginning of the 16th Century written . The origins of Yiddish literature , up to the 13th Century to trace . Epics about biblical figures , heroic songs from Germanic legends circles , fables , folk books , religious learning and use literature or adventure stories inspired by the Italian Renaissance verse romances of Elijah Levita (1469-1549) show the diversity of older Yiddish literature . Another Yiddish literature flourished since the 19th Century . The modern Yiddish literature was mainly in Eastern Europe . As their classics are Scholem Jankew Abramovich , known as " Mendele Mojcher - Sforim " (1836-1917) , Sholem Aleichem (1859-1916) and IL Peretz ( 1852-1915 ) . In the period between the world wars in the Yiddish literary production could keep up with any other world language effortlessly step . Significant literary and artistic centers had at that time Warsaw, Vilna (now Vilnius) and New York. Among the most important Yiddish writers of the postwar era include the poet Avrom Sutzkever (1913-2010) and the narrator and writer Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902-1991) , the 1978 Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded .
The " Bove book" Elia Levita of 1507/1508 , first printed edition in 1541 , is the oldest completely preserved non-religious Yiddish book.
Glikl bas Judah body (1646-1724) wrote the earliest surviving autobiography of a woman in Germany . Their written language in westjiddischer memoirs have now been translated into many languages.
Called Mendele Mojcher Sforim (1836-1917) , also called " Mendele the Bookseller ," is considered the founder of the new Yiddish literature . He signed humorous and realistic picture of the Eastern Jewish milieu.
Jizchok Lejb Perez (1852-1915) , author of short stories and novels , founder of the magazine " Yiddish library " and promoter of Yiddish literature and Yiddish theater in Warsaw
Sholem Aleichem ( Solomon actually Rabinovic , 1859-1916 ) is considered one of the greatest Yiddish writers. His " stories Tewjes , the milk dealer " were - not least because of the musical " Fiddler on the Roof " - world famous.
David Edelstadt (1866-1892) , poet
Mordechai Gebirtig (1877-1942) , author and composer of Yiddish songs
Pinchas Kahanowitsch , literary pseudonym The Nister (1884-1950) , as the author of the epic " The Brothers Maschber " known .
Yitzhak cat Nelson (1886-1944) , known by its written in a concentration camp , haunting ballad " Dos lid vunm ojsgehargetn Yiddish folk " ( " The Song of the extinct Jewish people")
Israel Joshua Singer (1893-1944) , author of short stories
Itzig Manger (1901-1969) describes the world of Eastern European , not assimilated Jewry , which was closed with the destruction of the Holocaust 1942-1945 in his poems and ballads.
Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902-1991) in 1978 received the Nobel Prize for Literature. Both in his Nobel Lecture [ 5 ] as well as in his banquet speech [6 ] , he dealt with the special significance that the Yiddish language for him and his writing. His family novels and short stories depict the life of the Jews in Eastern Europe torn between tradition and modernity. His short story Yentl , the Yeshiva Boy was filmed in 1983 by Barbra Streisand as Yentl .
Rajzel Zychlinski (1910-2001) , poet .
Hirsch Reles (23 April 1913 Tschaschniki - September 18, 2004 , Minsk)
Hirsch Glik (1922-1944) , poet and partisan from Vilnius, known by the Yiddish partisan anthem " wake nit kejnmol , as you gejsst leztn the way " ( " Never say that you're going to last way")
Chava rose color , rose color Chava (1923-2011) , born in Lodz , lived and died in Canada. She wrote in 1939 a " trilogy Lodz " , about 1000 pages, which first appeared in English ( " The tree of life " ), 1972 in the original language , and since 2007 also in French L'arbre de vie .
Olexander Bejderman ( b. 1949 ), poet from Odessa
Boris Sandler (born 1950 in Belts , Bessarabia ) , short stories and novels
Yiddish Theater [ Edit]
→ Main article: Yiddish Theater
Yiddish press [ Edit]
There are around 100 large and small Yiddish newspapers , magazines and radio programs.


















In Germany as in the Netherlands exist hundred of different language-tongues/slangs so it would not be a surprise that when it would also exist many different written annd spoken kinds of


                                        jiddisch
                  ( jieu(d)isch-deitsch/jieuwish-tedeschi).
                               written     spoken
                               juedisch~ jue isch


             German letter writing and spoking laws ?
       Germanistik-Student/Professor/Docent question and answer
         
       My Latin and history teacher Dr.Bulla teached the class,us,that he did not
       know how to speak out the title "caesar" ;
       
       Also german has-like french /portuguese and other european languages
   `"Akzents"-the written musical nodes/knodes representing the Tonleiter-scale.
           do-re-mi-fa-so-la-si-do(2)         c-d-e-f-g-a-h-c(2)

                                         Dichterisches Versmass
           German is a Rap-language and the soul intonated
           
          this rapped cause "Industrie Norm Konsument" interests
           link: Duden Lexikon Grammatik/Rechtschreibung
                                    Written phonetics

       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyful,_Joyful,_We_Adore_Thee
hymns of today that may be sung together by people who know the thought of the age, and are not afraid that any truth of science will destroy religion

he is right:   religion is was and will be ever : entertainment.


Freude schöner Götterfunken,Tochter des Elysiums ...     Text: Friedrich Schiller
                           (European Communion hymn)

"Patrizier-saxonian(Kingdom-city Hannover/Windsor)":  Kirch       -  Berg
"vulgar Eichsfeld/nether-saxonian"-tongue/destaque:   Kerbsche-  Bersch
anglo-saxonian/english                                                  Church       Hill

                                lanuage text + language melody


jewish as s-/y-em(n)itish language is best presented by Ofra Haza life-work best
             http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkr1V9RZpi8


         jiddisch kiddisch kindisch (Indische Kinder versus Kindische Inder;
                                                      darauf einen Ruettgers Club
                     
                              indo-germanic helles-pon-s /-t




Sincerely
              CdL


p.s.:
        about jewish ancients I did up to day no research and often it is a problem to get the information cause x-times religion conversion[size=78%] and the lost from Churchregister during the several great wars in the european area[/size]
What I know is that here in Portugal 1/3 from the population genealogic makes part from the jewish diaspora ( without to be jewish religion members:Konvertiten)

[the_big_m_in_ok]

Well, in general, I asked for English from the Polish Nazis and NWO... complied with English text.
      For myself, I'm taking the stance---finally!---that the work of Donald L. Smith and his multiple tower coils being electromagnetically coupled to a central coil that also amounts to a Tesla coil without the capacitor torus atop that coil is the way I would go with 'free energy'.   Any number of coupled coils may even be placed around the central coil and, AFAIK, they all won't load down the power supply of the central coil.
       NWO... and his lackeys are trying to sell( ?) a more efficient water heater and that's ALL?    Why bother with something so limited when electrical power in abundance is so much better?   At least IMHO.
       Several Members are correct, IMO, by implying, "Don't necessarily ignore what they say in the form of potential threats, but also read and dismiss anything else they say."   They're lying, dishonest, underhanded S.O.B.'s.

IancaIV,,,
       No, I don't have OCD and I'm not necessarily mentally od emothinally 'hyper' wirh a short temper.   These goddamn Nazis piss off the Jewish part in me quickly and drastically.   Some of my very distant East European relations were executed by the Nazis in WWII and not all were Jews, although a few were.   That's because I'm the slightest part of genetic, ancestral Gypsy and Czech---to name two---and these ethnic groups were targeted by the Nazis as being as onerous as what they thought the Jews were.   I was related to them on my Mom's side of my family and...     I.     Won't.     Forgive.     And.     Forget.
       These bastards don't deserve forgiveness.
Not by me.

--Lee

[lancaIV]

#

http://www.overunity.com/10213/drj200-a100-cnf-reactor-for-home-use/
That is with our device as it is, because it is the cheapest 1.000 USD "nuke" bomb of 6-15 kT (Hiroshima) force (by head diameter of 1 foot).
All clear now?

(Verstanden Ami-Judisch Cowboy?)

                      "Verstanden Ami-Judisch Cowboy?"


Welchen meinen Sie,Dr.? Novak ? Sie sind undeutlich !


That is with our device as it is, because it is the cheapest 1.000 USD "nuke" bomb of 6-15 kT (Hiroshima) force (by head diameter of 1 foot).All clear now?


Ja,somit faellt es unter das Rechte- und Pflichten-Katalog der internationalen U.N.O
Unterorganisation I.A.E.O.(Sitz Wien) !
Zentrifuge zu Zentrigugal Kraft ,bei Wasser Zersetzung in die einzelnen Elemente
um als Wasserstoff-Reaktor/thermalfusion)/ oder bis hin als Wasserstoffbombe zu wirken !


MfG
      CdL

[lancaIV]

IancaIV,,,       No, I don't have OCD and I'm not necessarily mentally od emothinally 'hyper' wirh a short temper.   These goddamn Nazis piss off the Jewish part in me quickly and drastically.   Some of my very distant East European relations were executed by the Nazis in WWII and not all were Jews, although a few were.   That's because I'm the slightest part of genetic, ancestral Gypsy and Czech---to name two---and these ethnic groups were targeted by the Nazis as being as onerous as what they thought the Jews were.   I was related to them on my Mom's side of my family and...     I.     Won't.     Forgive.     And.     Forget.       These bastards don't deserve forgiveness.Not by me.


Hello Lee,
my biological father worked also as lobbyist : for the chemical industry !
But post-warII and the holocaust/showa !
He was employed : Hoechst AG ex-part from the IG.Farben,
the greatest trust in that time,also membering Bayer and BASF !


BASF,Ludwigshafen : the chemists decision to get the best result by searching for a gas ,the solution between :Zyklon A, Zyklon B, Zyklon C .


                 There is a black/white movie show-ing us this scene.


My father was francophone related but he has cause his father(army-sub-officer) history [size=78%]East-/West-front fightings and then the capture of my grandfather an "conflict" with[/size]
U.S. Amerika and Easteurope related,also Gypsy(cigano/Zigeuner : official Sinti and Roma.
He has been also an anti-communist !
Probably also cause his family "home" had been in the G.D.R.,his parents and sisters living in the F.R.G.
The step-mother from my biological mother termed herself "Atheistin".
Her ,my mother step-mothers father saw/declared himself as communist,but was a relatively material(land/farms/buildings) rich person.
My mother-side grandfather was judge,working during the time and after Salazar,
in his career becoming supreme court judge.(more official,because shortly later he became ill,arterial sclerosis/ with "Alzheimer"-symptoms)
I heard from my mother,romanic-catholic church member and educated,that in her youth her was not been allowed where has been in a street an evangelist/protestants church/temple,"Aechtung,satanic ?" or minimal,when there was not another solution on the other street side, nonplusultra distance !


Al Bundy: "Eine schrecklich nette Familie"
                  sometimes themes are real


                Forgetting and forgiveness
                  "Zeit heilt alle Wunden"
                       outside probably
                 inside: never during our life


With all my regards
                               OCWdL


p.s.: what do you mean by OCD ?
        I have got some potentials but I am not "omnes"- omnipotenti !
       
p.s.II: Oh ,I forget(please you for :pardon !) to write also about my mother stepmpther fathers membership: jewish community



p.s.III: I heared several minutes before that the grandfather-mother-sides-fom my mother was jewish(and/or his ancients)-but not practizising it,the religion rituals and that he ,Sr.Nota was also local known as "boda d(a)' agua" ,~Ora-kel.


By my fathers german family(my grandmothers name Opfermann(Oppermann ?)
marriaged also a woman,not very beloved by the roman-catholic-"Sippe":
                          she: Hugenottin
       She worked as cook , her family name Bouillon.

Huguenots




Huguenot cross
Huguenot is the common name for about 1560 since the French Protestants in pre-revolutionary France. Her faith was strongly influenced by Calvinism , the doctrine of Calvin .
From 1530 the practice of faith of Protestants by the Catholic clergy and the king was greatly suppressed. Several churches and monasteries were destroyed or looted , the Cathedral of Soissons in 1567 and the monastery of Citeaux 1589. Then still more persecution began , by his Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685 reached a peak under Louis XIV and triggered an exodus of about a quarter of a million Huguenots in all surrounding Protestant countries .
After the end of the persecution and the entry into force of the French Constitution in 1791 continued more and more by the name of Protestants . The name Huguenot therefore applies only to the Calvinist believers at the time of their persecution in France.
French Protestants put in predominantly Catholic France today represent a minority , which is organized in the Reformed Church of France.
Contents [hide ]
1 etymology
2 History
2.1 Beginnings of the Reformation in France
2.2 Incipient tracking
2.3 Underground Church
2.4 Wars of Religion
2.5 Emigration in the 17th century
2.5.1 Huguenots in Germany
2.5.2 Huguenots in South Africa
3 branches in Germany today
3.1 Hesse
3.1.1 Independent Huguenot - Waldensian community start-ups
3.2 Baden
3.3 Bavaria
3.4 Mecklenburg- Vorpommern
3.5 Saarland
3.6 Württemberg
3.7 Berlin and Brandenburg
4 See also
5 Literature
5.1 Nonfiction
5.2 Fiction
6 External links
7 Notes and references
Etymology [edit ]


The word " Huguenot " probably goes back to the Early New High German ( Alemannic ) Eidgenosse term and thus shows connections to Geneva. It first appears in French in the early 16th Eygenot century in the form to refer to the supporters of a political party in the canton of Geneva, who fought against the annexation attempts by the Duke of Savoy in 1526 , and therefore made ​​a covenant between Geneva and the Confederates, Fribourg and Bern. This Eygenots or Eugenots were beginning Catholics , [ 1] because Geneva was only reformed in 1536 . In the second half of the 16th Century and increasingly used in contrast to the Catholic Savoy in the sense of " Protestant, Reformed ," including the Prince of Condé in 1562 in the form aignos . Possibly also the Geneva freedom fighter Besançon Hugues was the inspiration for the naming. Another assumption sees the origin of this word in the term " Huis Genooten " ( household ) for Flemish Protestants who studied the Bible in secret. Certainly can not deduce the origin of the word , however, is considered to be beyond dispute that the name originated not as a proper name of believers , rather than mocking term . [2 ]
History [edit ]


Beginnings of the Reformation in France [ Edit]
To pass the time , as had started in Germany by the theses of Luther's Reformation ( 1517 ), there was in France a situation in which the Lutheran ideas could fall on fertile ground :
Francis I of France had ruled since 1515 , at that time the Catholic Church increasingly becoming an administrative organ of the state expanded and renovated : since the Concordat of Bologna in 1516 , he had the right to occupy the high offices of the French Church at will . He used this sent to accommodate the French aristocracy in the corresponding positions and to engage him in this way . The infrastructure of the church was also important for Franz :
Their presence in all the towns and villages, the high range that could achieve the pastors in their communities , and the family register , which led the parishes, were elements he for administrative tasks, such as was the publication of edicts clamp .
In Paris, this humanistic secularization led to opposition parties, particularly the circle around Erasmus of Rotterdam ( Didier Érasme ) and Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples (Jacob Faber ) . Around 1520 they began these circles to discuss the theses of Luther, who made the Scriptures the rule of faith and demanded the separation of church and state. The theological theses of Luther were initially also received more positively by the royal family . Thus, the king's sister , Marguerite of Angoulême and the Bishop of Bayonne, Jean du Bellay and his brother Guillaume , were members of the group to Lefèvre .
Francis I , anyway very enlightened and open-minded, also probably influenced by his sister , was compared with the theological aspects of the early Reformation movement also not averse . Thus , for example, he held his protecting hand over Lefèvre , as against this , after a discussion of Mary Magdalene , a trial for heresy was hard. The reform of the inside of a church was, at least in terms of theological interpretations , nothing that Francis I. should have fear .
So first of all allowed to gain a foothold in France in the time of the Reformation thought about in 1520 . Of the humanists he also found his way quickly into the upper middle class , where the existing , extensive trade relations not only helped distribute goods quickly, but also ideas.
Incipient tracking [ Edit]
However, very quickly established a Catholic counter-movement . The church officials saw their teachings and thus their power threatened by the emerging movement 1521 Luther was excommunicated by the Pope , the University of Paris Sorbonne condemned his teachings.
Francis I therefore slid under increasing pressure because of two reasons:
The first was internal political nature , since the administration of the state was in the hands of the Catholic Church : After 1520 it quickly became clear that the Reformation was not just a theological issue that is widely made ​​in the Studierzimmern of scholars , but that the theses began the existing clerical ( and closely connected and the secular ) attack power structure. Franz could have no interest in that the reformers now the chair of those nobles sawed , which he had just procured church offices , dignities and revenues, and constituted a major pillar of his rule over France.
Secondly, Francis I. was at this time , specifically with the Habsburgs , the German Emperor Charles V , in a serious conflict . France had taken over the Netherlands , Germany and Spain by the Habsburgs in the forceps , in northern Italy , it was in open war with the Habsburgs . Franz had the Reformation in France let free , he would still have had Rome against him , and Charles V, who in 1521 had imposed on Luther the Empire , would be - then support of Rome - an invasion of France was no longer hold . These foreign policy consideration tempted to Franz to distance themselves more and more from Protestantism .
So it came to increasingly repressive measures against the Protestants , which extended to at least one prosecution of public Protestantism : The first execution of a French Protestants for 8 August 1523 is when the Augustinian monk Jean Vallière was burned at the stake in Paris .
Underground church [ Edit]
Protestantism was to about 1530 increasingly pushed into the ground , because the religious persecutions increased more and more by the Catholic side . Part of the Protestants fled , including the Reformed places of Switzerland , where Ulrich Zwingli was just about to completely overthrow the Catholic Church. From crowded into the political , but had the Protestants from the underground to increasingly provocative . One of the first major clashes between Catholics and Protestants took over the 1534 affair of the placards were posted at the anti-Catholic in Paris and four other cities posters. The exhibition of the Catholics was designated therein as idolatry. Various Virgin Mary statues were defaced . After those responsible for this action had been burned at the stake , the ratio between the two sides remained tense .
Around 1533 John Calvin concluded in Paris on Protestantism. Up to this time, he also would be more likely to call for a Reformed Catholic humanist . After a Protestant colored speech by Nicolas Cop , rector of the University of Paris, which was most probably involving Calvin , both had to flee from Paris.
However, despite the suppression of the movement was still popular. Was formed in 1546 in Meaux , the first Protestant church in France. In 1559 the first national synod of the Reformed Christians of France took place in Paris . 15 municipalities sent their emissaries . It adopted a church order and a creed . The church order which Calvin had created in 1541 due to his understanding of the New Testament and the Geneva Constitution was adopted. She looked next to the offices of pastors ( pasteur ) , doctors ( docteurs ) and deacons ( diacres ) of the elders ( anciens ; presbyter ), which also elected members of the Council of the City of Geneva were . As a persecuted minority , the French Reformed Church could rely on no worldly instances . ( They practiced like the Baptist from the beginning the separation of church and state. ) Therefore, the adult male church members chose the ( church ) elders , volunteer lay people from their own ranks. This Presbyterialsystem added the French Protestants synods added at regional and national level , whose members were also elected by the church members . This gave the laity a very strong influence on the governance of the Church at all levels. This democratic church constitution , which was adopted by many other Reformed churches (such as the Lower Rhine in the Netherlands and Scotland ) , was one of the most important consequences of Luther's doctrine of the " priesthood of all believers" , which was Protestant commonplace . On the next French National Synod , which took place two years later , were already represented by the 2,000 municipalities. In the early 1560s the Reformed underground churches had about two million followers , representing about ten percent of the total French population .
These reformed congregations were not more influenced Lutheran : The persecution had close ties give rise to the French Reformed living in Geneva Calvin . Increasing between 1535 and 1560 penetrated the French Protestantism , Calvinism , Calvinism and it was he who gave the dissidents feed . Now also the name " Huguenot " on .
Wars of Religion [ Edit]
→ Main article: Wars of Religion
Francis I died in 1547 and his son Henry II ascended the throne of France . He continued the repression against the Huguenots continued unabated. About this time began the Habsburg Empire into a number of small states to decay : Emperor Charles V could not get control of the Reformation , and the compromise of " Cuius regio , eius religio " did the rest to split the empire.
Henry II wanted to prevent similar conditions as in Germany in any case. Increasingly nobles had now joined the Huguenots , and an agreement by the Augsburg principle for France had successfully running under Francis I of France centralization severely damaged. Thus began the final political discrimination of Protestantism in France.
A new facility , and three edicts were enough to suppress the Huguenots more and more:
This was based on the establishment of the Chambre Ardente in Paris, a chamber that the Huguenot MPs pursued (see Inquisition ) . This chamber taught a Henry in the first year of his reign . In June 1551 this principle was extended in the Edict of Châteaubriant also to the provincial parliaments.
The Edict of Compiègne followed on 24 July 1557 [ 3]: " the order in any way disturbing " Protestants were placed under the secular jurisdiction , a conviction for heresy was Henry still in the hands of the Church.
The finale was Henry then on 2 June 1559 in the Edict of Écouen : From now on, the courts could only impose the death penalty for heresy. Shortly after the Edict Henry died .




Gaspard Bouttats : Bartholomew , copper engraving
Under Henry's son Francis II began the eviction stopped. 1562 soldiers raided Catholic Protestants at Vassy during a church service . The St. Bartholomew 23-24 . August 1572 in Paris triggers numerous new refugee flows. Important Protestant personalities were murdered. The death toll was about 3,000 in Paris and in the country between 10,000 and 30,000 . But the killing of children , women , old and young, still two long months went on.
1598 finally brought a new king , Henry IV , with the Edict of Nantes , a temporary calm the situation , but only lasted until the conquest of La Rochelle ( 1628 ) . After the death of Cardinal Mazarin, who took over "Sun King" Louis XIV in 1661 , the government launched a large-scale, associated with proselytism and missionary Actions systematic persecution of the Protestants , which he combined with emigration ban and due to the onset of waves of refugees in 1669 finally in the infamous dragoons in 1681 culminating found . In an age of enlightenment and science happened the greatest atrocities against Protestants. Despite a ban left over about fifty years, about 200,000 refugees home. France lost to them the backbone of its economy. Thus explains why the subsequent unprecedented national debt and the impoverishment of whole populations was a result of the relentless persecution of Protestants .
In the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685 , Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes. Who was now seen as a Protestant , was covered with adhesive or galleys . From that time many went into an underground church and made some resistance in the Cevennes ( Camisard ) . It was there in the years 1703 to 1706 to the Civil War , after which Louis XIV had over 400 villages razed to the ground . The singing of psalms and Bible reading was high fines . Many people were forcibly converted to Catholicism to escape even at the dreaded dragoons . But Protestantism did not eradicate , because the Protestants were persecuted and punished venerated as a martyr .
Since the members of the Protestant upper class , including most clergy , fled abroad , the church was led by lay pastors who felt called by divine inspiration . Therefore, prophetic and ecstatic forms of religion came up . They were effective in the movement of the Inspired in Europe.
It was only in 1787 created the Edict of Versailles under Louis XVI . a new way of Protestant life in France.
Emigration in the 17th Century [ Edit]
When the rulers of the neighboring countries were the possessions become Huguenots, who were among the most powerful section of society , ready reception . You were granted privileges and loans, which triggered the rest of the population turn incomprehension , envy and hostility . They also came on as a Reformed Lutheran, so that they in turn embodied a religious minority.
Among the countries that have a new home for about 200,000 Huguenots were the Switzerland , the Netherlands, England , Ireland, Germany and North America. Even in the Scandinavian countries as in the Danish Copenhagen and Fredericia [ 4] and in Stockholm, Sweden , [5] Huguenots settled .
A majority of the emigrants ( 50,000 ) emigrated to the British Isles . Already in 1550 a French Protestant Church was organized in Soho (London) by Royal Charter. Huguenot centers in England have included London , some places in the counties of Kent and Bedfordshire and Norwich. As part of the Plantation ( settlement of Protestant settlers ) also some Huguenots arrived in Ulster (Ireland). They made a great contribution to the establishment there of the linen industry in the region around Lisburn, which was the most important industry in Ulster next to the ship for a long time . Even today there is still a Huguenot Quarter in Cork City . In Dublin, there is a Huguenot Cemetery (near St. Stephen's Green ) .
The Huguenots attended in the countries to which they immigrated , for a bloom of the economy and especially agriculture. They opened the cultural and intellectual life . They developed mainly textile and silk factories and commercial ( sericulture ) , the tobacco introduced ( primarily in the Uckermark with the center Schwedt / Oder) and were active in jewelry production and trade.
Huguenots in Germany [ Edit]
Around the year 1685 , nearly 50,000 Huguenots fled to Germany. About 20,000 of them settled in Brandenburg- Prussia, where Elector Frederick William granted them with the Edict of Potsdam special privileges . Two regiments were formed by Huguenots : regiment of foot Varenne ( 1686) and regiment of foot of Wylich ( 1688 ) .
→ Main article: Huguenots in Berlin
Nearly 4,000 Huguenots moved to Baden , Franconia ( Principality Principality of Ansbach and Bayreuth , now part of Bavaria), Hesse -Kassel and Württemberg. More attracted to the Rhine -Main area , the counties of Wetterau Count Association , in today's Saarland and the Palatinate with two bridges. Approximately 1,500 Huguenots found in Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony a new home. Probably because his wife Eleonore d' Olbreuse was Huguenot himself , found about 300 Huguenots at the court of Duke George William of Brunswick and Lüneburg , Celle recording.
Huguenots in South Africa [ Edit]
The escape led some Huguenots from France to the southern tip of Africa . The first ship in the Voor Scots ran with several Huguenot families on board 31 December 1687 towards the Cape of Good Hope from . She reached the Cape on 13 April of the following year. Some of the passengers carried with vines and thus brought the wine in South Africa a noticeable upswing . Until 1749, followed by numerous other ships , the Huguenots brought to South Africa.
Offices in Germany today [edit ]


Today Huguenot communities in the following places (not complete list ) exist:
Hesse [ Edit]
Bad Charles Harbor , North Hesse , now home of the German Huguenot museum , the German Huguenot center with a genealogical research facility as well as the library and the picture archives of the German Huguenot Society .
Upper Weser ( Waldensian places Gewissenruh , Gottstreu )
Frankenau ( Locations: Louis village Ellershausen )
Schwabendorf
Hertingshausen ( Wohratal )
Walloon - Dutch Church in Hanau
Friedrichsdorf (1890 birthplace of the German Huguenot Society , currently based in Bath Karl port)
Hofgeismar ( Locations: Carl village Kelze , Schöneberg , Friedrichsdorf )
Immenhausen ( Location: Marie village )
Wolf Hagen ( Leckringhausen )
Helsa ( Location: St. Ottilie )
Kassel
Mörfelden -Walldorf (district Walldorf)
Neu-Isenburg
Top Ramstadt ( districts Rohrbach and Wembach - tap)
relationships
French Reformed Church Offenbach in Offenbach am Main
Schwalm city Frankenhain
Ehringhausen ( Locations: Daubhausen and Greifenthal )
Independent Huguenot - Waldensian community start-ups [ Edit]
Former district in Frankenberg
Louis village (village got up around 1990 altfrz . Language )
Wiesenfeld
In today's district of Kassel
Bad Karlshafen
Carlsdorf
Marie village ( Immenhausen )
Kelze
Schöneberg ( Hofgeismar )
Gewissenruh
Gottstreu
Friedrichsdorf ( Hofgeismar )
St. Ottilia
Hofgeismar , New Town Church
Leckringhausen
Frederick Field ( Trendelburg )
Former district in Wolf Hagen settlement of Huguenots in the existing Hessian town Zierenberg and in the community Dörnberg
Moreover, Hesse
Marburg- Biedenkopf ( Locations: Schwabendorf , Todenhausen and Wolfskaute ) as at 2006 ;
Greifenthal ( founded by Wilhelm Moritz Graf zu Solms- grasping stone)
Hertingshausen
Friedrichsdorf (founded by Landgrave Friedrich )
Kassel , Upper Town ( own neighborhood)
Baden [ Edit]
Mannheim- Frederick Field (then Palatinate )
Friedrichstal (since 1975 District of Stutensee )
Palm Bach (since 1975 the district of Karlsruhe)
Mutschelbach (since 1975 incorporated as the Town of Karlovy Vary )
Welsch Neureut ( since 1935 combined with Teutsch Neureut to Neureut this district of Karlsruhe since 1975 )
Bavaria [ Edit]
in Franconia
Bayreuth
achieve
Schwabach
Ingolstadt
Mecklenburg- Vorpommern [ Edit]
Biitzow
Düvier
Bergholz
Saarland [ Edit]
Ludweiler
Württemberg [ Edit]
Pinache (since 1975 the district of Wiernsheim )
Serres (since 1975 the district of Wiernsheim )
Großvillars (since 1972 the district of Oberderdingen )
Kleinvillars (since 1972 the district of Knittlingen )
Corres (part of Oetisheim )
Perouse (since 1972 District of Rutesheim )
Neuhengstett (since 1974 the district of Althengstett )
Nordhausen Kr Heilbronn
Berlin and Brandenburg [ Edit]
→ Main article: Huguenots in Berlin
In Berlin and Brandenburg, the French Reformed churches are the Evangelical Church of Berlin- Brandenburg -Silesian Upper Lusatia and form the Reformed Church District . This church district in 1997 took a French- speaking community on ( Communauté francophone protest ante Berlin et environs ) .
In Berlin Moabit as names of districts and French beech wood and the place names in the Oder Vevais , Beauregard and Croustillier a reminder of the Huguenots settled in Prussia .
See also: Huguenot diaspora , French colony of Magdeburg and the Huguenots, grand opera in five acts by Giacomo Meyerbeer
See also [ edit]


Exiles , Protestant religious refugees of the 16th to 18 century
Literature [ Edit]


Non-Fiction [ Edit]
German Speaking
Manuela Boehm (ed.): Huguenots between migration and integration. New research on the Refuge in Berlin and Brandenburg . Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-936411-73-5 review by René pill in : Francia - Recensio 2011/4 .
Guido Braun , Susanne Lachenicht (ed.): Huguenot and German territorial states . Immigration policy and integration processes. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2007 ( Paris Historical Studies , 82) , ISBN 978-3-486-58181-2 Online perspectivia.net .
Jochen Desel : Huguenots. French religious refugees around the world. 2 Dt ed . Huguenot Society , Bad Karlshafen 2005, ISBN 3-930481-18-9 .
Barbara Dölemeyer : The Huguenots ( Urban paperbacks , 615) . Carbon hammer , Stuttgart 2006 , ISBN 3-17-018841-0 .
Ingrid and Klaus Brandenburg Huguenots : history of martyrdom. Panorama Verlag , Wiesbaden 1998, ISBN 3-926642-17-3 .
Eberhard Greschendorf : The Huguenots . History , faith and action . The standard work . 4th revised edition Protestant publishing house , Leipzig , 2009, ISBN 978-3-374-02260-1 .
Gerhard Fischer : The Huguenots in Berlin, Hentrich & Hentrich Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-941450-11-0 .
Ute Lotz- Heumann : Reformed denomination migration: the Huguenots , in: European History Online , ed. by the Institute for European History ( Mainz ), 2012 , accessed on 6 June 2012.
Ulrich Niggemann : Huguenots ( UTB profiles). Bohlau -Verlag, Cologne , Weimar, Vienna 2011, ISBN 978-3-8252-3437-9 .
French Speaking
Henri Bosc : La guerre des Cévennes . Presses du Languedoc , Montpellier 1985/92 , ISBN 2-85998-023-7 (6 vols )
Philippe Joutard Les Camisards . Gallimard, Paris, 1994, ISBN 2-07-029411-0 .
Philippe Joutard : La legende des Camisards Une sensibilité au passé. Gallimard , Paris , 1985, ISBN 2-07-029638-5 .
Henry Mouysset : Les premiers Camisards . Juilliet No 1702. Presses du Languedoc , Montpellier , 1985, ISBN 2-85998-259-0 .
Pierre Rolland : Dictionnaire des Camisards . Presses du Languedoc , Montpellier, 1995, ISBN 2-85998-147-0 .
English-speaking
Anne Dunan - Page : The religious culture of the Huguenots . From 1660 to 1750 . Books Ashgate , Aldershot 2006 , ISBN 0-7546-5495-8 .
David Horton : French Huguenots in English speaking lands . Lang, New York, 2000, ISBN 0-8204-4542-8 .
Neil Kamil : Fortress of the soul . Violence , metaphysics and material life in the Huguenot 's new world , 1517-1751 . University Press , Baltimore, Md., 2005, ISBN 0-8018-7390-8 .
Abraham D. Lavender : French Huguenots . From Mediterranean catholics to white Anglo-Saxon protestants . Lang, New York, 1990, ISBN 0-8204-1136-1 .
Brian E. Strayer : Huguenots and Camisards as aliens in France. 1598-1789 , the struggle for religious toleration . Mellen Books , Lewiston , N.Y. 2001, ISBN 0-7734-7370- X .
David Trim ( eds.) : The Huguenots . History and Memory in Transnational Context . Essays in Honour and Memory of Walter C. Utt . Brill , Leiden etc. 2011 ( Studies in the History of Christian Traditions, Vol 156 ), ISBN 978-90-04-20775-2 ( preview on Google Books ) .
Fiction [ Edit]
Taylor Caldwell : All the power of this world . Novel. Bechtermunz -Verlag, Augsburg, 1999, ISBN 3-8289-0246-4 .
Victoria Holt : The Nightmare of Paris. Roma. Hestia -Verlag, Rastatt, 1995, ISBN 3-89457-068-7 .
Giacomo Meyerbeer : Les Huguenots or the St. Bartholomew . Opera in 5 lifts. Edition Peters , Frankfurt / M. 1979 ( libretto by Eugène Scribe and Émile Deschamps )
Ursula Meyer- Nobs : The galley slave . Novel experience after the report of the painter Jacob . Zytglogge -Verlag, Gümlingen 2003, ISBN 3-7296-0649-2 .
Uwe Otto : The Laurents . The novel of a Berlin Huguenot family . Droemer / Knaur , Munich , 1981, ISBN 3-426-00787-8 .
Emil Ernst Rommer : Blanche Gamond or the crown of life . Hänssler , Holzgerlingen 2002, ISBN 3-7751-3842-0 .
Heinrich Mann : " The youth of Henri Quatre ," novel.
External links [ edit]


Wiktionary : Huguenot - Meaning meanings , word origin , synonyms, translations
Commons : Huguenots - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Literature on the Huguenots in the catalog that German national library
Huguenots in Stadtwiki Karlsruhe contains additional information about the Huguenot settlements in northern Baden
German Huguenot Society
German Huguenot Museum, Bath Charles Harbor
Home and Hugenottenmuseum Friedrichstal ( Stutensee )
Huguenots and plants
Database Huguenot name
Name of research to the Huguenots
Library for Huguenot History ( BfHG )
European cultural distance footpath Huguenots and Waldenses path
References