Reactive Current - Parallel RCL

[nix85]

More dodging. You are trying to make it look as if asking about inertial propulsion is trolling. That's just pathetic.

No more dodging, declare your stance on this physical principle.

[lancaIV]

When You nix85 deliver a reference like this


https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/carnot-efficiency


I compare with this 1974 DE patent office granted standart :


https://worldwide.espacenet.com/searchResults?AB=&AP=&CPC=&DB=EPODOC&IC=&IN=matei+marinescu&PA=&PD=&PN=&PR=&ST=advanced&Submit=Search&TI=&bcId=1&locale=en_EP&page=0&return=true

https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=3&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19770802&CC=US&NR=4039352A&KC=A

or


by him,F.B.,his oeuvre


https://worldwide.espacenet.com/searchResults?submitted=true&locale=en_EP&DB=EPODOC&ST=advanced&TI=&AB=&PN=&AP=&PR=&PD=&PA=&IN=francis+bichowsky&CPC=&IC=&Submit=Search


this :  fuel cell related,1949 filed


https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=22&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19530421&CC=US&NR=2635431A&KC=A


And You have to learn Physics § understanding,because it is contradictory


(probably not in "Fuel Cell Basic Chemistry and Thermodynamics  Frano Barbir, in PEM Fuel Cells (Second Edition), 2013  as researcher interest and will)

to deny Carnot importance and by other hands use the Carnot-formula as efficiency frame
https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/3-s2.0-B9780123877109000023-f02-08-9780123877109.jpg

[nix85]

Hopefully there is no more confusion between heat transport and generation.

[lancaIV]

                                                          (actio/reactio) superposition


Such a chain has in the absence of any temperature gradient, an efficiency near unity.


Such a chain has in the absence of any temperature gradient, an heat transport and electricity generation efficiency near unity.




                       temperature is : .......


                       heat is : .......


                       gradient is : ......




Francis Russell (v.)Bichowsky died early,with 52 years (1889-1951)
https://www.nytimes.com/1951/04/06/archives/dr-f-bichowsky-research-chemist-critic-of-navy-gunnery-expert-on.html
https://books.google.pt/books?id=o1XVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA607&lpg=PA607&dq=Francis+russell+von+bichowski&source=bl&ots=KyDVsJZ9p6&sig=ACfU3U33-GecxO0fk3bFxLAcIrcy7NUA7A&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP1ebS85LxAhWLasAKHYjgBfMQ6AEwDXoECBMQAw#v=onepage&q=Francis%20russell%20von%20bichowski&f=false
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/212063409.pdf 1918 received ( so with 29 years written by F.R.B.)
http://www.poles.org/db/B_names/Bichowski_FR.html

Matei Marinescu https://www.edusoft.ro/matei-marinescu-corifeu-al-ingineriei-romane/




Simple question : when becomes an infrared radiation heat ?


at first : http://www.energie-innovation.com/astro_foil.html   


It is in the nature of the pure, (99.9%) aluminum surfaces of ASTRO-FOIL to reflect 97% of the radiant heat waves that strikes its surface.


other Infrared waves reflector information :


http://www.radiantbarrier.com/resources-articles-how-radiant-barrier-works-heat-gain-loss/#:~:text=The%20surface%20of%20aluminum%20has,of%20the%20rays%20are%20absorbed.&text=The%20absorption%20rate%20of%20your%20face%20is%2099%25.


The surface of aluminum has the ability not to absorb, but to reflect 95% of the infrared rays which strike it.
Since aluminum foil has such a low mass to air ratio, very little conduction can take place, particularly when only 5% of the rays are absorbed.


Each kitchen aluminium foil ergo  ! https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215017X1930373X
(Trademark/company independent)

Ceiling and roof materials and exposed structural members have an emissivity that may be as high as 0.9. Special aluminum paint can lower the emissivity to between 0.5 and 0.2. Polished metal such as polished aluminum or aluminum foil has an emissivity of 0.05.


Magnesium foil mass to air ratio ?


Titanium    foil mass to air ratio ?


next statement :


All the objects in an enclosed structure give off (emit) radiant heat waves, exchanging them with the other objects and wall/ceiling surfaces.
The walls and ceilings will absorb the radiant heat waves, converting them to conductive heat that can then pass through the wall system to the cooler outside environment. The job of mass insulation is to slow down that heat transfer by resisting its flow.


emitts radiant heat waves             or          emitts radiant waves,which transforms to heat in a this wave absorbing objekt

The amount of radiation emitted is a function of the emissivity factor of the source's surface. Emissivity is the rate at which radiation (emission) is given off. Absorption of radiation by an object is proportional to the absorptivity factor of its surface which is reciprocal of its emissivity.


By reflecting the radiant heat waves, the foil surface remains relatively cool, leaving very little heat to be absorbed and conducted through the surface to the cooler outside of the building.




But from Astro-foil the most impressive statement : IR-waves have no temperature !

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#:~:text=Infrared%20(IR)%2C%20sometimes%20called,invisible%20to%20the%20human%20eye.&text=Black%2Dbody%20radiation%20from%20objects,almost%20all%20at%20infrared%20wavelengths.





                        Boltzmann black body view or white body view


A comparison of a thermal image (top) and an ordinary photograph (bottom). The plastic bag is mostly transparent to long-wavelength infrared, but the man's glasses are opaque.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Human-Infrared.jpg/200px-Human-Infrared.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Human-Visible.jpg/160px-Human-Visible.jpg





Materials with higher emissivity appear closer to their true temperature than materials that reflect more of their different-temperature surroundings. In this thermal image, the more reflective ceramic cylinder, reflecting the cooler surroundings, appears to be colder than its cubic container (made of more emissive silicon carbide), while in fact, they have the same temperature.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Effect_of_emissivity_on_apparent_temperature.jpg/220px-Effect_of_emissivity_on_apparent_temperature.jpg





Heating
One energy advantage is that the IR energy heats only opaque objects, such as food, rather than the air around them

Cooling
A variety of technologies or proposed technologies take advantage of infrared emissions to cool buildings or other systems. The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere.




                                           No temperature,but IR cools or heats


                                         movement or spin versus/compared  temperature

Heat is energy in transit that flows due to a temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum.
Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that are associated with emission from an object,
due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature.






https://www.univie.ac.at/geographie/fachdidaktik/FD/site/external_htmls/imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/infrared.html
the planet Earth : https://www.univie.ac.at/geographie/fachdidaktik/FD/site/external_htmls/imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/earthir.jpg


anymore blue,but violett https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violett


red blood + blue blood

[nix85]

Input 250w output 20kw = 8000% efficiency. All that matters.