MEMM

[PaulLowrance]

Hi,

Here's a small section taken from the encrypted file introducing the source of MEMM's (Magnetocaloric Energy Mover Machine) energy. There you'll see the math to calculate the Magnetocaloric energy exchanges occurring in materials.

MEMM is based on the Magnetocaloric effect, a very well known effect and discovered a century ago. Very few people, even scientists, realize just how much energy is exchanged during each quarter cycle in magnetic materials. For example, consider an iron toroid with copper windings. The effective permeability of a pure iron toroid is considerably high and requires a small amount of current; i.e., nowhere near 50 megawatts. The current in our example is a sine wave. Due to the permeability of iron the field fluctuates in our example between 1 and -1 Tesla's. We know that the Magnetocaloric effect for pure iron is 2 K per Tesla. In other words, when the field increases by one Tesla then the material heats up 2 K. When the field is removed the material cools down by 2 K. This has been used as an efficient powerful means of deep freezing. Back to our example, the signal oscillates at 100 KHz. So when the field goes from 0 to 1 T the material heats up 2 K. When the field falls from 1 to 0 T the material cools down. When the field goes from 0 to -1 T the material heats up. When the field goes from -1 to 0 T the material cools down. We will refer to each of these steps as one energy exchange; i.e., an exchange of energy. So there are four energy exchanges per sine wave. There are 100 thousand sine wave cycles per second. So there are 4 * 100000 = 400000 energy exchanges per second. The specific heat capacity of Iron is 25.10 J/(mole*K). J = Joules and K = Kelvin. Lets say our toroid is one cubic inch = 16.39 cc. The molar volume of iron is 7.09 cc/Mole. So 16.39 cc / 7.09 cc/mole is 2.312 moles. So 2.312 moles * 2 K * 25.10 J/(mole*K) is 116.1 Joules of energy per energy exchange. So at 400000 energy exchanges per second we get 116.1 J * 400000 x/s where x is energy exchange, which is 46.44e+6 J/s.  J = watts * seconds, so 46.44e+6 J/s is 46.44 megawatts!

46.44 million watts of energy exchange per second occurring within one cubic inch of iron is astonishing, but very real! If we calculate the amount of energy exchanges in Gadolinium we arrive at almost the same value of 48.79 megawatts. The magnetocaloric effect for Gadolinium is 4 K/T

Kind regards,
Paul Lowrance

[PaulLowrance]

Hi tao,

I began designing the MEMM a little over a month ago and took a look at it and basically said, "Hey, this is the MEG!"  Also another person by the name of Marcus or is it Markus uses the same effect. Since then the design is evolving into another form that should be more effective than the MEG. When the energy from MEMM is fully recirculated and confirmed you'll be one of the first to see the entire design freely published in extreme detail.

According to Naudin and others the MEG generates "free energy," but still has not been able to close the loop.  After looking at Naudin's scope pictures I noticed he is making several errors in interpreting his scopes output energy, but these errors are mostly in the silicon iron version. Most of the scope pics on his Metglas version are very close and indeed "free energy."  The problem in replicating the MEG is (if my theory is correct) in the UHF (ultra high frequencies). You can build 100 of Naudin's machines, which includes wrapping a large coil with over 2000 windings, and end up with 100 different machines.  As you know, the capacitances involved in the windings can differ. Depending on the core material the magnetocaloric frequencies could typically be in the hundreds of MHz. The wrong impedance can kill such a device at UHF frequencies.  Naudin used a modified carbon resister, which was created by high voltage I believe. That in itself can have some type of small high-frequency unidirectional characteristics. But replace that 100K custom carbon resister with a MOSFET and you'll most likely have a short at 500 MHz. The load is critical in absorbing the UHF energy. Also if the magnetic material does not have heat syncs and proper air flow then the material can go in temperature shock, which would prevent the machine from working too long.

Also there are other issues that come along with ultra high permeable materials when considering the magnetocaloric energies. For example when studying wave mechanics we see that such materials prevent nearly all the waves from escaping the core. This is akin to a wave traversing in ultra high reflective index and trying to enter a low reflective index material. The wave simply reflects. In such cases wires that are very close to the core are effective in absorbing the energy. Perhaps magnetic wire could help improve this issue.

So the above issues may have prevented Naudin from closing the loop. One thing seems for certain, his scope shots seem clear, showing enough information to conclude his Metglas device (not sure about the iron version) was generating "free energy."

You were asking how to tap into this magnetocaloric energy. I have never posted this secret, but it's perhaps time to at least post part of this bit of information. The answer is threefold:


The Secret:

1. Saturation. To be highly effective the device needs to saturate the core. A fully saturated core prevents the intrinsic electron spins from absorbing the magnetocaloric energy. Of course a fully saturated core is useless, but no realistic coil can saturate magnetic material. The core should be close to saturation.
2. Ultra high di/dt current that causes the net magnetic field to increase within the magnetic material such as Metglas. To do this you need a permanent magnet and current that both oppose. The field from the magnet needs to be stronger than the coils field. This flips the process and allows the device to collect the cores energy when the magnetocaloric effect is in is radiating cycle. The high di/dt causes a higher percentage of the electron spins to flip simultaneously, which in turn greatly reduces the cores ability to absorb MCE energy, which allows more of the energy to escape the core. Normally MCE energy is mostly absorbed within micrometers of the originating electron flip.
3. Ultra thin cores. You want the core to be as thin as possible. The thinner it is the less it can absorb the MCE energy.

A person, perhaps kator, mention danger with the MEG. There is no MEG danger with ultrasonics. The only danger with this technology is preventing the core from absorbing 50 megawatts of UHF energy and thereby escaping the core. Although the MEG is merely allowing an infinitesimal amount of the MCE energy to escape, which is probably safe, but it is best to shield core just in case. A 50 megawatt burst would fry any organic material!

Paul Lowrance

MCE = Magnetocaloric effect

[PaulLowrance]

Hi,

A quick peswiki page was created for the MEMM at

http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:MEMM

I'll try to keep it up to date.

Paul Lowrance

[Liberty]

If I understand what you are trying to convey, the iron will heat up or cool down while experiencing a change of 1 tesla.  But isn't the end result going to cancel itself?  If a change of 1 tesla causes a change in temperature in one direction, and the opposite change of 1 tesla causes an opposite change in temperature; isn't the temperature change overall zero? 

It appears to me that the changes in both directions are counted in the calculation and amount to the approx. 44 megawatt range.  But it would seem that the overall result is still zero unless a method is found to realize this change where the effect adds together in one direction only. 

Not trying to disagree, but just trying to understand the point.  Can you help me?  Have you found a way to realize the change in one direction only without the cost of power input?

[PaulLowrance]

Hi Liberty,

Yes, you are entirely correct about the MCE (Magnetocaloric Effect) in that the net temperature change is zero. Yet there's a great deal of energy being exchanged, back and forth, and the MEMM and MEG designs are machines that tap into that "free energy."



I have mentioned Iron on numerous occasions because it's the example most used in describing MCE. I don't know why since Iron has very little MCE at room temperature. Here are two reasons why Iron is a poor choice:

1. Iron has a very high Curie temperature and low MCE at room temperature.
2. Iron has large domains. If my theory is correct then you want materials with the smallest domains possible at room temperature, such as Metglas, which has nano size domains. Note that the smallest domains occur when the material is at or beyond Curie temperature, which is essentially ~0.1 nanometer size domains. So even Metglas is not the ultimate MCE material.

Regard #2, above, here's the reason small domains offer more potential energy. Example, take a thousand PM's (permanent magnets), evenly space them on a flat board, and put them on swivels so they can rotate. Then force all the PM's so they cancel each other out. You will note this requires energy to force the PM's to oppose each other. So if we look at one row of PM's, we would see a PM points south, then the next PM points north, and the next PM points south, etc. You will note this arrangement is equivalent to the smallest domains possible; i.e., each domain is the size of one PM. Now if you release all the PM's and slightly nudge them so they all align to one huge domain (one domain consisting of one thousand PM's) then you have the lowest energy state possible. You will note the PM's will snap into magnetic alignment and will release energy mostly in the form of sound and heat (friction). You have just converted PE (potential energy) to KE (kinetic energy). You went from the highest PE energy state, 1000 single domains, to the lowest PE energy state, one large domain. Note that when you completely saturate a toroid you are essentially creating one huge domain. It is possible to have domains of various sizes in between.

The above example was on a macro scale. IBM as studied magnetic materials on an atomic scale. It is true that the electron and even atom rotate / flip when you reverse the field in magnetic material. More precisely, the atom precesses as it rotates, unless you guide the flips with 90-degree fields, but that's another topic. What is happening as the electron flips is that it radiates electromagnetic waves and some of the energy is lost in friction as the atom rotates and precesses. Although I believe most of the energy is release in the form of radiation, not friction. Unfortunately most of this energy is absorbed by the material.

So in a nutshell, ultimately you want to go from the smallest size domains to the largest size domains. The material has highest magnetic PE when it is at smallest size domains and lowest PE when it is at largest size domains. When the material goes from smallest to largest domains it is converting PE to KE. You want to capture that KE.

Have I figured a way of preventing the magnetic material from absorbing that radiation? Yes, I believe so, as described in the four so-called "secrets" at my peswiki page:

http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:MEMM


Regards,
Paul Lowrance