ENERGY AMPLIFICATION

[lancaIV]

Edison Richardson effect Jump to: navigation, searchThermionic emission (including thermionic effect , Edison effect or Richardson - effect) is the emission of electrons from a heated hot cathode (typically in vacuo ) . The minimum temperatures are above 900 K and strongly depend on the material of the surface .Contents [hide ]1 General2 History3 Richardson equation4 Applications5 Adverse effects of thermionic emission6 Related Effects7 Notes and references8 External linksGeneral [ Edit]  The Edison Richardson effect of an electron "tube"The electrons to overcome the work function of the metal or the characteristic of the oxide film due to their thermal energy. If the free electrons are not sucked by an electric field , they form the hot cathode in the vacuum of a space charge cloud and invite any nearby electrodes against the " cathode" negative on . This effect can be used for the direct conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy . However, the efficiency of this thermionic generator is low.For technical applications , the aim is to maintain the required temperature of the hot cathode as low as possible , by using materials with low work . This led to the development of the oxide cathode .History [edit ]The effect was first described in 1873 by Frederick Guthrie. He discovered that a positively charged electroscope is discharged when they brought a grounded , glowing piece of metal in the vicinity. [1 ] In the case of negatively charged electroscope nothing happens , from which it followed that glowing metal can only leave negative charge. Thomas Edison has rediscovered this phenomenon in 1880 in experiments with incandescent and reported 1883 based thereon application for a patent . [2 ] Julius Elster and Hans Friedrich Geitel examined 1882-1889 systematically from a hot wire charge output . [3 ] the saturation current density was recorded in 1901 by Owen Willans Richardson constructed in the Richardson equation , for which he was awarded the 1928 Nobel Prize for physics. [3 ]Richardson equation [ Edit]Richardson 's equation describes the current density J of the emerging of a metal at high temperature electrons. It readsHere, T is the absolute temperature , the release We work function for electrons , kB is the Boltzmann constant and A is the Richardson constant .The release work function for electrons is generally about 1 to 6 eV. The Richardson constant depends mainly on the used metal and the surface condition and is in short supply. For metal oxides, it is much lower .After Saul Dushman (1883-1954) , the Richardson constant can be estimated as follows [ 4]:In this case, m and e are the mass of the electron or elementary charge , and h and kB is Boltzmann's constant , respectively Planck . The equationis also referred to as the Richardson - Dushman equation. [5]A correction term for the work function arises at very high field strength by the Schottky effect . In this area it is called Schottky emission.Applications [ Edit]The thermionic emission is used to generate free electrons in the electron tubes. This in a high-vacuum vessel between the directly or indirectly heated thermionic cathode and anode flows (electron ) current which can be controlled , if necessary, by intervening grid . Electron tubes allow the amplification of electric signals in the audio frequency range and in the high frequency range, in transmitters and receivers. With electron tubes , it was possible not only to transmit Morse code , but also language , music and pictures .The cathode ray tube ( cathode ray tube ) consists of an electron source with subsequent deflection . applications:to the electron beam melting and electron beam and electron beam welding, also in the scanning electron microscope.with fluorescent screen as a picture tube in old televisions and oscilloscopes.Fluorescent hot cathode also use thermionic emission . Many other gas discharge lamps and carbon arc lamps , the electrodes by the discharge of heat is also applicable that thermionic emission matters. Not the case, however, this is the case of cold -cathode tubes , fluorescent tubes , neon lamps and flash tubes .Thermionic emission is still used in thyratrons , magnetrons , klystrons , traveling wave tubes and vacuum fluorescent displays . Again, it is used to generate free electrons.By means of thermionic emission , the work function can be determined. By the electric field , which is required to remove the electrons from the cathode , but this is influenced , so that it is necessary to extrapolate the measured current on the field strength , E = 0 .Adverse effects of thermionic emission [ Edit]Thermionic emission is in control grids of electron tubes ( ie when the grid is glowing due to heating ), however undesirable, here it leads to the so-called grid emission and hindering grid current , which can shift the operating point. Power tubes usually receive about cooling fins ( radiation cooled) at the ends of the grid carrier rods , the latter are for the good thermal conductivity of copper most .In the thermionic emission switches between the switch contacts to the undesirable switching arc , which must be deleted to avoid damage by appropriate technical means leads .Related effects [ Edit]Outside photo effectfield emissionReferences [edit ]High jumping ↑ Felix Auerbach : A History of modern physics. J. Springer , Berlin , 1923. S. 263High jumping ↑ Patent 307301↑ jump up after : from Owen W. Richardson : Thermionic phenomena and the laws Which govern them . 12 December 1929 (Nobel Prize lecture , PDF) .High jumping ↑ Saul Dushman : Electron Emission from Metals as a Function of Temperature. In : Phys. Rev. . 21, No. 6, 1923 , pp. 623-636 , doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.21.623 .High jumping ↑ Neil W. Ashcroft, N. David Mermin : Solid State Physics. Saunders College Publishing, New York 1976 , IS

[lancaIV]

                                                                    to finally:
                                            http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_potential


                                                                    GIBBS ENERGY


my knowledge also based by the best e(x)ternal teacher Isaak Asimov and his ouvre  "Asimovs New Guide to Science ",
                                                               recommendable !

And a lesson for success: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSGl3d4KOMk

Sincerely
             OCL


p.s.: on 21.11.2013 I received the notice that the Enerciencia Lda. was been closed by estate administral act (5  years law and order)
       in January,2012. It has been a nice birthday present.

[a.king21]

what can i say, you got one technique.


Three more important technique to go.


About spark gap, switching and direction. if you got that then Merry Christmas.


otits 

We only need one  energy amplification technique. Don't be distracted.

[Bob Smith]

We only need one  energy amplification technique. Don't be distracted.

@a.king21, I think Teets may be using the word "technique" to refer to components.
The other three components he cites are spark gap, switching and direction.
Components he often talks about are:
- capacitors
- diodes
- SW bifilar coils
- transistor or mosfet (occasionally):  e.g., Janost over at EF was using a transistor to function as a spark gap on the Don Smith thread; could also be magnetically quenched, but I kind of doubt it. -
Teets has mentioned "Kick" and occasionally, "push-pull," and while this could be done via mosfet, perhaps better with SWbifi coils and caps.  You push on the electrostatic environment with a kick from a capacitor discharge, and the electrostatic environment (or aether) pushes back to compensate so that you can effectively "pull" RE into the system: Push-pull.
- diode: Teets has mentioned diode over and over throughout this thread
-Teets has also mentioned use of a magnet, at least earlier on. YT user Waldeck Vieira seems to show that electrostatic energy can be harvested using a magnet and coils. Could we use this to get our caps charged up enough to "kick" for a push-pull? Can the diodes help us to charge in parallel and discharge in series (or vice-versa)?
GTG - Lunch almost over.
Teets, glad you're okay, man.

[a.king21]

@a.king21, I think Teets may be using the word "technique" to refer to components.
The other three components he cites are spark gap, switching and direction.
Components he often talks about are:
- capacitors
- diodes
- SW bifilar coils
- transistor or mosfet (occasionally):  e.g., Janost over at EF was using a transistor to function as a spark gap on the Don Smith thread; could also be magnetically quenched, but I kind of doubt it. -
Teets has mentioned "Kick" and occasionally, "push-pull," and while this could be done via mosfet, perhaps better with SWbifi coils and caps.  You push on the electrostatic environment with a kick from a capacitor discharge, and the electrostatic environment (or aether) pushes back to compensate so that you can effectively "pull" RE into the system: Push-pull.
- diode: Teets has mentioned diode over and over throughout this thread
-Teets has also mentioned use of a magnet, at least earlier on. YT user Waldeck Vieira seems to show that electrostatic energy can be harvested using a magnet and coils. Could we use this to get our caps charged up enough to "kick" for a push-pull? Can the diodes help us  to charge in parallel and discharge in series (or vice-versa)?
GTG - Lunch almost over.
Teets, glad you're okay, man.

I'm aware. I am going through his posts, from his humble beginnings to his present "gimee 10 million dollars" state.
I've had free energy for a while through the Benitez  system so this stuff is completing my education. You won't catch me patronizing Tito.
Just go to the beginning and read his posts. If you've done, and do  the experiments, you'll get there.
There's much to understand with Tesla and I am busy re-creating his patents where appropriate.
Benitez tells you how to step up your cap voltages.
A magnet is not necessary, but it amps up your power by simply using it as part of a lead.
I won't be teased by Tito or anyone else.