Ultracaps tested for excess energy

[MileHigh]

Some brain food:

http://powerelectronics.com/mag/power_ultracapacitor_technology_powers/

Ultracapacitors as Circuit Elements

The equivalent circuit used for conventional capacitors can also be applied to ultracapacitors. The circuit schematic in Fig. 2 represents the first-order model for an ultracapacitor. It's comprised of four ideal circuit elements: a capacitance C, a series resistor Rs, a parallel resistor Rp, and a series inductor L. Rs is called the equivalent series resistance (ESR) and contributes to energy loss during capacitor charging and discharging. Rp simulates energy loss due to capacitor self-discharge, and is often referred to as the leakage current resistance. Inductor L results primarily from the physical construction of the capacitor and is usually small. However, in many applications, it can't be neglected â€" particularly those operating at high frequencies or subjected to hard switching.

Resistor Rp is always much higher than Rs in practical capacitors. Thus, it often can be neglected, particularly in high-power applications. In that case, the impedance of the Fig. 2 circuit model is:

Z = R + i (2pfL-1/2pfC), where L is the inductance in [Henrys]. The impedance is purely resistive when 2pfL-1/2pfC = 0, or f = 1/2 p(LC)½. This particular frequency is referred to as the resonance frequency of the capacitor. Thus, the impedance of circuit is simply the resistance at self-resonance. However, ultracapacitors exhibit non-ideal behavior, which result primarily from the porous material used to form the electrodes that cause the resistance and capacitance to be distributed such that the electrical response mimics transmission line behavior. Fig. 3 shows a more realistic circuit representing the real ultracapacitor's electrical response.


DC Behavior of Ultracapacitors

Ultracapacitors used in electric drivelines to load-level the battery experience large-steady (transient) dc, much like the battery, rather than small amplitude ac signals. The dc charge or discharge time (tdisch) of the capacitor is related to the fundamental characteristic frequency (fAC in Hz) of the ac voltage on the capacitor by tdisch » 1/4fAC. Hence, for several backup time applications, the ac signals are lower than 10Hz.

In testing ultracapacitors, it's convenient to model them as a simple series RC circuit when inductive effects are unimportant. In this case, Q = CV, E = 1/2 CV2 and Vo - V = iR + (Qo - Q / C), where Q is charge on the capacitor, V is voltage on capacitor, E is energy stored in the capacitor, and Vo and Qo are voltage and charge at t = 0, respectively.

[gadgetmall]

#$!@%$^&%**x(pi2)/666=MH

[Pirate88179]

#$!@%$^&%**x(pi2)/666=MH

Well said Al.

Bill

[MileHigh]

Save your soul:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T69TOuqaqXI

[gadgetmall]

Save your soul:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T69TOuqaqXI

The bit about the Magic powder is real . A man Grew his chopped off finger above the knuckle completely back , finger  nail and all . From his Scientist Brothers powder made from Pig intestines/bladder . . Believe it or not . http://www.boingboing.net/2008/03/24/pig-bladder-powder-r.html
http://multi-medium.net/2008/03/31/the-magic-of-pig-bladder-powder

Some things cannot be explained like >1 that can be SEEN and are POTENTIAL science :
Lee Spievak cut his finger off and then regrew it using pixie dust.

    "I put my finger in," Mr. Spievak says, pointing towards the propeller of a model airplane, "and that's when I sliced my finger off."

Wow, Lee, wow. Reminds me of the time I stuck my tongue in an oscillating fan.

    Today though, you wouldn't know it. Mr Spievak, who is 69 years old, shows off his finger, and it's all there, tissue, nerves, nail, skin, even his finger print. How? Well that's the truly remarkable part. It wasn't a transplant. Mr Spievak re-grew his finger tip. He used a powder - or pixie dust as he sometimes refers to it while telling his story. Mr Speivak's brother Alan - who was working in the field of regenerative medicine - sent him the powder.

The pixie dust, or more appropriately "pigsy dust", is actually made by scraping the cells from the inside of a pig's bladder, treating them with acid, and turning them into a powder. In addition to smelling like urine, the magical substance can regrow fingers lost in the propellers of model airplanes. Scientists hope that within 10 years we will be able to regrow arms and legs. Cool, scientists, but let's think outside the box for a second.

So whats this got to do with Pauls Ultracapacitor thread ....OPEN MINDEDNESS !!