Viktors Articles.

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EXPERT OPINION OF PROFESSOR PHILIPP FORCHHEIMER

Expert Opinion

The accompanying design for a dam on the Tepl above Karlsbad embodies features which are new compared with conventional methods of construction.  Their description forms the basis of the following report, which consequently concerns itself not with details, but exclusively with the new elements of the design.  These consist in the erection of a subsidiary internal wallHotwordStyle=BookDefault;  at a slight distance from the dam wall itself and between these two walls water is allowed to rise from the bottom of the reservoir.  Since the surface water of the reservoir is about 0?C in winter, the heaviest water of around +4?C collects at the bottom; the water temperature thus increases downwards, whereas in summer the opposite distribution of water takes place, namely, its temperature increases from the bottom upwards.
   
Water gains access to the interior of the wall via the hair-cracks present in all walls.  The temperatures of the wall, the water and the air are constantly exposed to large and small fluctuations.  The temperature of the infiltrated water always seeks to conform to the wall temperature with the result that its volume either increases or decreases.
   
With an increase in volume, in the main the internal pore-water advances further and diffuses through the wall, owing to the pressure of water from the water-side.  With a reduction in volume and assisted by the suction engendered by the decrease in volume, a further penetration of dam water occurs due to the continuing pressure of the impounded water.
The eventual result of this oft-repeated process - the increase or decrease in the volume of the water present in the pores - is the impregnation of the whole wall with water.
   
In particular the following process occurs:  At the beginning of winter (Figures I & II - see fig. 1HotwordStyle=BookDefault; ), with the onset of frost the water in conventionally constructed dam walls freezes to the limit of frost penetration, expands and loosens the fabric of the wall.  When warmer weather sets in - solar radiation - the ice melts to the depth of heat penetration, the water emerges from the air-side, taking particles of the wall with it.  The danger thus arises that with subsequent freezing, further loosening of the structure will take place. The destructive action of frost would then increase constantly, since the pores will become larger and larger, substantially aggravating the explosive effect of frost.
   
The way this new damName=new dam; HotwordStyle=BookDefault; note=See Patent Nr.: 136214;  is designed enables water of about +4?C to overflow the wall and also to enter the upper or the lower trough via the appropriate diverter pipe.  In this process the outer wall surface will be protected from the pernicious, fluctuating effects of the external temperature.
In summer it is necessary to differentiate between the behaviour during the day and during the night.  In summer during the day (Figures III & IV -see fig. 2HotwordStyle=BookDefault; ) the water in conventionally constructed dams flushes out the cracks and enlarges the pores, which increases the rate of percolation over the course of time and results in a further deterioration in the condition of the wall.
   
In the proposed method of construction, use is made of the bottom water, which even in summer is only about +4?C initially and of a somewhat higher temperature later on.  This water is permitted to rise between the subsidiary and main wallsHotwordStyle=BookDefault;  and to flow over the top of the dam and down the external face.  In this way the damaging action of water on the dam will be prevented.
In summer at night (Figures V & VI - see fig.3HotwordStyle=BookDefault; ), while the flushing of the pores will actually be diminished in conventional structures, it nevertheless still occurs. 
In contrast, with the new construction of the proposed design, no dissolution of the wall-particles takes place.

In Case IIIHotwordStyle=BookDefault; , even with normal methods of construction and the usual outflow of water via the spillway, the discharge into the drainage channel can be influenced beneficially, because the water cools as it flows downstream, i.e. its temperature reduces from about 18?C to 14?C and hence increases in specific weight.  After a sudden drop in temperature, which on occasion can happen in summer, this condition is intensified;  the water flows away rapidly with no tendency to form bends.  Its tractive force increases downstream, carrying the sediment along with it and the channel bed is deepened.  If water is released from the bottom sluice-gate, therefore at a deep level, then the difference between the temperatures of the draining water (about 4?C) and the air (about 35?C) becomes very large.  The vorticity of the water then becomes considerable and the formation of bends more frequent, resulting in the deposition of sediment on the inside curve and incipient breaches on the outside curve.  With a half-full reservoir, these events diminish and the formation of vortices decreases.
   
With Schauberger's system the water is discharged at a temperature of about +4?C and the aforementioned processes likewise occur.  However, with the aid of the diverter pipes it is possible to select the temperature of the discharge water and thereby adjust it to the prevailing air temperatures in such a way that turbulence and the undesirable formation of bends is reduced.
   
With regard to the confluence of the hot-spring with the Tepl, the following should be noted.  Whereas water of 10?C or 20?C has a specific weight of 0.9997 and 0.9982 respectively, the specific weight of 70?C water is 0.9778;  the hot-spring water is thus 0.022 or 0.020 lighter than the Tepl water.  Because of this the mean bed-gradient of the Tepl diminishes due to the interaction between the different specific weights of the Tepl-water and the hot-spring water and therefore part of the hot-spring water initially flows upstream instead of downstream.  In contrast with conventional theories concerning flow-velocity, here it is reduced very considerably in the process, retarding the overall drainage of the water and resulting in a corresponding increase in height at time of flood.
   
It should be mentioned in addition that when a substantial influx of water occurs, some of it is to be discharged directly into the Eger through a fairly large diameter pipeHotwordStyle=BookDefault; , which branches off on the left-hand side of the reservoir at a high level.  This pipe will be rifled, since it has been shown that this produces a sharp increase in the flow-velocity.
   
The Tepl flows into the Eger about 1.6 km downstream from the confluence of the hot spring.  At present, where the Tepl joins with the Eger, the Tepl water is warmer than the Eger water.  As a result the Tepl enters here at a higher level and therefore no longer has any effect on the sediment, which is left lying on the bottom, damming up the Tepl itself.  By constructing the dam and the rifled, high-level, overflow pipe according to Schauberger's design, the Tepl water will in the main be heavier than the Eger water and the accretion of sediment with its damming effect on the Tepl will thus be reduced.  This will exert a favourable effect on the danger of flooding from which Karlsbad presently suffers.
   
From what has been stated above, the superiority of the Schauberger design over contemporary designs is apparent, a superiority particularly evident in relation to the extraordinary conditions at Karlsbad.  In any case it is more appropriate to construct dams with adjustable conditions of discharge, whose stability increases with time, than to build dams with a fixed system of discharge, whose structural stability constantly deteriorates, and all the more so, for through the possibility of regulating the conditions of discharge, the necessary storage area and the height of the dam can be reduced.
   
In conclusion it should be mentioned that Mr Schauberger has already built several barrages (14), which have proved themselves.  I have visited some of his constructions personally and I can state that Mr Schauberger's innovations have completely fulfilled their intended purpose.

                                                                                                   
                                           Prof.Dr. Ph.  Forchheimer.

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AUSTRIAN PATENT OFFICE

SPECIFICATION OF PATENT No. 113487
Class 84.                                                                                                   Issued 10th June 1929

VIKTOR SCHAUBERGER IN PURKERSDORF, LOWER AUSTRIA.

A Device for Torrent Confinement and River Regulation
Application date: 31st January 1927 - Patent applies from: 15th January 1929

The object of the invention is a device for the purposes of torrent confinement and river regulation, by means of which the velocity of the water can be braked in such a way that the transported sediment can engender no hazardous, destructive effects and the movement of the water can be so influenced as to displace the theoretical flow-axis towards the middle of the channel.
   
The attached drawing depicts the object of the invention schematically and Figure DHotwordStyle=BookDefault;  shows the installation of such a braking, flow-guiding device in the form of brake-groins installed at right angles to the direction of flow.
   
The brake-groins 1 are desirably made out of reinforced concrete and are anchored into the ground by the downwardly projecting stumps 4 shown in Figure 1, to prevent their being dislodged by the onflowing water.  In an upstream direction these brake-groins incorporate a concave, fluted, wedge-shape, onto which the water flows and by means of which it is lifted and directed towards the centre of the channel, thus dissipating a great deal of its momentum and rendering it incapable of transporting larger rocks or stones.
   
These brake-groins are installed at greater or lesser intervals in the stream-bed, according to the steepness of the gradient.  In order to displace the theoretical flow-axis towards the centre of the channel during the course of flow and corresponding to the purpose of the invention, these water-braking devices are installed on the sides of the channel at right-angles to the direction of flow in those locations where pot-holing and the undermining of the riverbanks occurs or is likely to occur, as shown in Figure AHotwordStyle=BookDefault; .  In Figure A the brake-groins are indicated by the number 1, whereas the deposition of sediment occuring on the opposite side of the channel . The flow-axis desirably to be displaced by these installations is shown by the middle line.
   
Figure BHotwordStyle=BookDefault;  depicts the device at a larger scale and Figure CHotwordStyle=BookDefault;  shows the cross-section through the same.
The essential shape of the device is triangular (fig.CHotwordStyle=BookDefault; ) and its active surface rises towards the riverbank and gradually projects towards the centre of the channel (see sketch V. SchaubergerHotwordStyle=BookDefault; )
      
The function of these devices is particularly apparent in Figure CHotwordStyle=BookDefault;  in which the solid line  shows the bed-profile prior to the installation of the device and the dotted line  indicates the profile ultimately produced.
   
Between these braking-groinsHotwordStyle=BookDefault;   the transported sediment is deposited, creating a zone of dead-water near the bank, which serves as a buffer and keeps the flowing water-body away from the bank, thus preventing the bank from being undermined.
   
In Figure BHotwordStyle=BookDefault;  the solid line  shows the flow-axis before installation of the devices and the dotted line  shows the displaced flow-axis due to the action of the invention.


PATENT CLAIMS

1.The device for torrent confinement and river regulation is characterised by the concave fluting on the upstream side so that the on-flowing water is deflected upwards and backwards, or towards the middle of the channel.

2 In accordance with Claim 1 the device is further characterised by its triangular shape, which projects from the bank at right-angles to the current flow.

Sketch by V. Schauberger (original)HotwordStyle=BookDefault; 
Sketch by V. Schauberger (translated)HotwordStyle=BookDefault;

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AUSTRIAN PATENT OFFICE

SPECIFICATION OF PATENT No. 134543
Class 47f.                                                                                             
Issued 25th August 1935

VIKTOR SCHAUBERGER IN VIENNA

The Conduction of Water in Pipes and Channels
Application date: 12th August 1931  -  Patent applies from: 15th April 1933

The object of the invention is a system of water conduction, which in contrast to smooth-walled conduits, channels, pipelines and the like, promotes an increase in the transported volume of water. In the opinion of the inventor, which forms the basis of his invention, turbulent phenomena in conventional systems of water conduction are in part caused by differences in the temperature of the various water- strata, principally because the velocities of the water-masses flowing along the pipe-walls are substantially different to those of the more central strata, causing vortical phenomena at their mutual interface.
   
In order to inhibit sedimentation, it is claimed that projecting, turbine-blade shaped elements (guide-vanes) should be incorporated, which are inclined from the walls towards the centre.  Each of these should be so curved as to direct the flow of water from the periphery towards the middle. It is also to be noted that the inner walls of the pipe are to be provided with raised and curved, rib-like projections in order to impart a rotational motion to the water.
   
The present invention concerns a further development of these measures with regard to the aims mentioned at the beginning.  In the attached diagramHotwordStyle=BookDefault; , various aspects of the invention are depicted.  Figure 1 shows an isometric view into the pipe, Figure 2 an oblique view of a single guide-vane, viewed in the opposite direction to the current and Figure 3 the same is viewed at right angles to the direction of flow.  Figure 4 depicts how the invention is to be installed in a channel.  Figure 5 shows a cross-section of a guide-vane incorporating rifle-like fluting aligned to the direction of flow.
   
In pipe 1HotwordStyle=BookDefault; , a series of guide-vanes 2, 2', 2" are placed along the curved lines of multiple helical paths 3, 3', 3".  The latter are shown in broken lines. The guide-vanes themselves are curved in the manner of ploughshares and project from the walls of the pipe in such a way as to deflect the water towards the centre of the pipe, at the same imparting a rotational motion about the pipe axis.

In Figures 2 and 3HotwordStyle=BookDefault; , which give oblique and side views of a guide-vane, the straight, dotted arrow indicates the direction of flow in a smooth-walled pipe, whereas the curved, solid arrow shows the path of the water filaments deflected by the guide-vane.  Similar guide-vanes can also be installed in channels.  In this case the guide-vanes are not placed along a helical path, but one directly behind the other and as shown in Figure 4, are arranged symmetrically on both sides at equal heights and directly opposite each other.
   
The vane in Figure 5HotwordStyle=BookDefault;  is provided with rifle-like fluting on its guiding surface, through which in the course of such spiral motion, the forward movement of the water will also be given a vertical lift.  Pipes incorporating this type of guide-vane are especially suited to the transport of matter heavier than water, such as ores and the like.

PATENT CLAIMS

1. The conduction of water in pipes and channels is characterised by the proposed incorporation of turbine-blade-like elements (guide-vanes), projecting inwardly from the surface of the pipe and/or channel walls towards the centre of the same.  Each of these elements is so curved as to direct the water from the periphery towards the middle of the conduit, such that in pipes, the guide-vanes are mounted along multiple spiral paths, whereas in channels, these are placed one directly behind the other and arranged symmetrically, both opposite each other and at equal heights on each side of the channel.

2. In accordance with Claim 1, the conduction of water in pipes and channels is further characterised by the proposed incorporation of rifled fluting on the guiding surfaces of the vanes, which runs parallel to the direction of flow and which directs the flow from the periphery of the pipe towards the centre.

Flow dynamics of the double-spiral pipeHotwordStyle=BookDefault;

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AUSTRIAN PATENT OFFICE

SPECIFICATION OF PATENT No. 138296
Class 47f.                                                                                                   Issued 10th July 1934.                                                                             

VIKTOR SCHAUBERGER IN VIENNA

The Conduction of Water
Supplementary Patent to Patent No. 134543
Application date: 2nd November 1932  -  Patent applies from: 15th March 1934


The present invention concerns a further development of the system of water conduction described in Patent No. 134543HotwordStyle=BookDefault; , in which turbine-blade shaped elements (guide-vanes) project inwardly from the pipe walls towards the centre of the pipe and which are so curved as to direct the water from the periphery towards the centre, wherein, according to the original patent, the essential aspect of the invention consists in the positioning of guide-vanes along multiple helical paths.
   
In accordance with Patent No. 134543, the particular form of the guiding surfaces of the vanes is such that they are provided with rifled fluting, which follows the direction of the current. This invention concerns a further development of these guide-vanes, whose purpose is to enhance the fast forward movement of the central core of water in relation to the flow in the peripheral zones.
   
The normal restrictions to the flow in the peripheral zones leads to turbulent phenomena in the boundary layer between peripheral and core zones and influences the proper formation of the core zone unfavourably. The purpose of the present invention is to divide the peripheral zone into separate, individual vortical formations, which due to their inner stability, in a manner of speaking, become stable structures with only a slight tendency to disintegrate.  In their aggregate these provide an outer envelope of water, which enhances the forward acceleration of the core-water.

These vortex-creating elements are twisted like wood-shavings, so that two direction-controlling surfaces can be created, in essence according to Figure 1HotwordStyle=BookDefault; .  The purpose of these two surface-elements is to impart a torsional motion to the water filaments in the zone of peripheral flow, the direction of which is indicated by the arrow 3HotwordStyle=BookDefault; , so that a subordinate spiral motion is created within the general spiral motion of the whole water body.  In Figure 1HotwordStyle=BookDefault; , the top view of the invention is shown.  Figure 2 HotwordStyle=BookDefault; shows a perspective of the invention, viewed in the opposite direction to the flow of the current.  Figure 3HotwordStyle=BookDefault;  shows the shape of the invention when flattened out.
   
The guide-vane 2HotwordStyle=BookDefault;  is arranged in pipe 1 along multiple helical paths in accordance with Patent No. 134543.  When departing from portion 5 of the guide-vane, in each case the water filaments are always imparted a movement directed towards the centre of the pipe cross-section.  The flow of water will be enhanced by the ribs 6 and because the ribs converge conically, the water becomes compressed, which should likewise impel the fast-moving transported matter towards the centre.  The guide surfaces can also be assembled from separate elements.

PATENT CLAIMS

1. In accordance with Patent No. 134543, the conduction of the water is characterised by guide-vanes projecting inwardly from the wall-surfaces of the pipe towards the centre, such that, akin to wood-shavings, these turbine-blade shaped elements are twisted so as to create two co-acting fin-like surfaces.  The first of these surface-elements (upstream element) separates the peripheral zone of the current from the core zone and the second element (downstream element) additionally imparts a convoluting motion to the separated bundle of water filaments due to the twisted shape of the guide-vane surfaces, whereby the peripheral zone will be divided into individual, stable, vortical structures.

2. In accordance with Claim 1, the conduction of the water is characterised by the fact that, when flattened out, the ribbed guide-vanes possess an almost rhomboidal form (Figure 2), whose diagonally opposed obtuse-angled corners are bent over towards the opposite corner (Figure 3).                                                               

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AUSTRIAN PATENT OFFICE

SPECIFICATION OF PATENT No. 136214
Class 84.                                                                                             
Issued 10th January 1934.

VIKTOR SCHAUBERGER IN PURKERSDORF NEAR VIENNA

Construction and equipment for regulating the discharge from dams and for increasing the stability of dam-walls
Application date: 23rd April 1930   -   Patent applies from: 15th August 1933

The invention concerns the design of plant and associated equipment for regulating the downstream channel of reservoirs and for increasing the structural stability of their barrage-walls.  In particular, the invention consists in the fact that a mixture of heavy- and light-water, which is suited to and dependent upon the external temperature, can be conducted from the reservoir into the drainage channel automatically and in such away that, as circumstances demand, the heavy-water to be discharged into the drainage channel can be diverted to cool the valley-side of the barrage-wall by over-trickling it with heavy-water.

It has become evident that in all hydraulic practices applied to the drainage of water in channels, an important factor has been disregarded, namely the temperature of the water in relation to ground- and air-temperatures, as well as the differences in temperature in the flowing water itself.  Furthermore it has also been determined that the existing and constantly changing differences in temperature influence the movement of the water decisively.  Inasmuch as the natural channel is subdivided by artificial  constructions, such as dams, weirs and the like, and the discharge therefrom is either via bottom-sluices (which discharge heavy-water with a temperature of about +4?C only) or via the spillway (whereby the downstream channel is supplied with the currently highest temperature water), disturbances develop in the downstream channel, which in particular give rise to curves in the channel and to the destruction of the riverbank.  However, if water of a temperature corresponding to the ambient external temperature, i.e. correctly tempered water, is discharged into a given channel, then as circumstances dictate, the water-masses can either be braked and their sweeping-force reduced or conversely, they can be accelerated and their sweeping-force increased.  Instead of regulating the channel with bank-protecting structures, whose effect is only local, it is therefore possible to bring about the disturbance-free drainage of the water-masses solely through the regulation of the right water-temperatures; that is, through the automatic establishment of an enduring state of equilibrium in the water itself.  Widening of the channel through the deposition of sediment, or the ejection of the same (gravel banks),and fissures in the riverbank, especially at the bends, can be prevented by properly designed and equipped dams, and incorrect drainage conditions corrected.  Through the appropriate adjustment of the mechanisms incorporated in these dams for controlling the discharge of light- or heavy-water, the temperature-gradient corresponding to the ambient external temperature can be re-established and in this way the danger of flooding in particular can be almost completely averted.
   
Concurrently with the regulation of the drainage channel, the stability of the structure required for this purpose, namely the specially designed barrage-wall of the reservoir, can also be increased in a manner whereby the pores in the wall-structure are sealed through the cooling of the water-particles infiltrating into the wall from the reservoir, thereby removing the cause of the wall's destruction.  With a reduction in temperature, the light-water infiltrating into the wall-pores loses its ability to transport and dissolve salts and other substances, until at a temperature of +4?C it reaches the condition where its dissolving power is at minimum and the filter-action of the wall is greatest.  Through the cooling of the valley-side of the barrage-wall by overtrickling it with +4?C heavy-water, the light-water infiltrating from the reservoir is cooled and precipitates its dissolved substances into the pores, thereby sealing them.  The water-tight sealing of the wall-pores is achieved within a few weeks, thus making any further safety precautions against the destruction of the wall superfluous.  Should the aforementioned cooling of the valley-side of the wall be omitted, then the light-water infiltrating into the wall from the reservoir will be warmed from the valley-side of the wall, in particular by solar irradiation, thereby gaining in dissolving power vis-a-vis the solid particles of the construction material.  The pores will be leached out.  With increasing enlargement of the pores, the explosive action of frost will also be greater.  Fissures will develop in the wall, which permit the entry of more water not only as a result of hydrostatic pressure, but also due to current-pressure, until such time as the structure of the wall, particularly at the height of the normal water-level, is completely destroyed.
   
The diagram depicts an example of the design of the installation, namely the barrage-wall of a dam.  Fig.1HotwordStyle=BookDefault;  shows a cross-section and Fig. 2HotwordStyle=BookDefault; . the plan, whereas Fig. 3 HotwordStyle=BookDefault; is a detail showing the discharge control-mechanism in section.
   
For the purposes of regulating the amounts of cold heavy-water and warm light-water, sluices OHotwordStyle=BookDefault;  in the barrage-wall K of the reservoir B are incorporated on both sides of the same, whose sluice-gates T are operated by a temperature-controlled floating body GHotwordStyle=BookDefault; .  The rising pipes W connect the sluices O to the main spillway K1 of the barrage-wall.  Diverter-pipes U1, U2 and U3 are located at various heights, which branch off from the rising pipes W and are controlled as required by stop-valves V1 and V2.  These diverter-pipes lead to the valley-side of the barrage-wall K and discharge into their respective, horizontal troughs.  At the base of the valley-side of the barrage-wall K, an upwardly curved structure K3 is incorporated for the purposes of creating vortices and for the better mixture of the water flowing over the wall.
   
The blades of the sluice-gates THotwordStyle=BookDefault;  rest on a sill recessed into the bottom of sluices O and their water-tight closure is effected by pressure- alleviating rollers set in vertical grooves.  By means of a connecting-rod F, situate in a shaft in the side-wall H, the sluice-gate T is attached to the floating body G, which can be shaped like a diving-bell for example.  In the side-wall H at various heights above sluice O, pipe-shaped openings A are incorporated, which communicate between the shaft in which diving-bell G  floats and the open water of the reservoir.  When sluice-gate T is opened, communication is also achieved between riser-pipe W and the reservoir through the filling of the riser-pipe, which relieves sluice-gate T from one-sided pressure, thus ensuring its most friction-free operation.  Being constructed preferably of timber, sluice-gate T can therefore be precisely adjusted to the carrying capacity of diving-bell G, so that its free movement under all water conditions is assured.  Diving-bell G, whose position on connecting-rod F is variable, can therefore be set to float at any desired height.  In the lid of diving-bell G there is a closable air-vent P, through which, if opened, compressed air within the diving-bell can escape, causing sluice-gate T to shut immediately.  By means of a vertically calibrated pipe R, open at both ends, the water-level inside the diving-bell can be set to any desired height depending on the depth at which the bottom of pipe R is fixed.  When diving-bell G is completely submerged with no internal air-cushion, it can be raised through the supply of compressed air via pipe R by shutting air-vent P, thereby enabling sluice-gate T to be raised.  During normal operation the air-cushion enclosed within the diving-bell is in close contact with the atmosphere via the diving-bell wall, so that, particularly in the case of metal walls, the external temperature will exert an influence on the volume of the air-cushion.  Depending on the external-temperature-related increase or decrease in the volume of the air-cushion in diving-bell G, sluice-gate T will either be raised or lowered.  The amount of heavy-water conducted to the valley-side of the dam-wall via sluices O , rising-pipes W and diverter pipes U1, U2 and U3, and discharged into the channel, will therefore vary according to the external temperature.  The light-waterflows over a special spillway-structure M above the top of the dam-wall and down into the channel.
   
The thorough mixture of heavy- and light-water will not only be facilitated through the upwardly curving structure K3 at the base of the valley-side of the barrage-wall, but also through the conduction of heavy-water via the horizontal diverter-pipes U1, U2 and U3HotwordStyle=BookDefault;  and their respective troughs into the path of the vertically falling light-water; their intimate mixture being achieved by means of the vortices created artificially in this way.  As each individual diving-bell G is irradiated by the sun, the respective sluice-gate T will be further raised and in this way a greater percentage of heavy-water will be added to the light-water flowing over the top of the barrage-wall at M, whereas with cool external temperatures, sluice-gates T will be nearly or completely closed, allowing only warm light-water to overflow into the channel.
   
The heavy-water conducted to the top of the dam wall at spillway K1HotwordStyle=BookDefault;  for purposes of better mixture can simultaneously be employed to increase the stability of the barrage-wall.  Once construction of barrage-wall K has been completed, the lower, valley-side portion of the barrage-wall K will be over-trickled with heavy-water exclusively by means of diverter-pipe U2 for instance, for which purpose diving-bell G will be so adjusted that the sluice-gates T will remain open constantly.  At this juncture an overflow over the top of the dam is not appropriate and the heavy-water supply will be conducted directly to the channel via sluice O.  The heavy-water overtrickling the valley-side of the  barrage-wall now cools the wall from the outside to such an extent that the light-water percolating into the wall-pores from the reservoir deposits its dissolved substances and seals them off.  After the lower portion of the barrage-wall has been sealed, the heavy-water can be conducted to the upper portion of the barrage-wall via diverter-pipes U3HotwordStyle=BookDefault; , which can then be sealed in a similar fashion.  This sealing process, during which the wall-pores become water-tight, may require several weeks, depending on the quality of the construction material.  Once completed, no further dangers are to be feared, even during normal operations.  After the wall has been sealed, the special spillway-structure M, which need only be made of steel and placed atop the wall temporarily, can also be removed so that the light-water, instead of discharging over spillway M, will overtrickle the top of the dam-wall K1, thereby preserving and protecting the wall-structure on the valley-side.

PATENT CLAIMS

1. The design of the installation for regulating the downstream channel of reservoirs and for increasing the stability of their barrage-walls is characterised by the provision of equipment by means of which a mixture of heavy- and light-water, suited to and dependent upon the external temperature, is automatically discharged into the downstream channel.

2. In accordance with Claim 1, the design of the installation is characterised by the incorporation of mechanisms whereby the valley-side of the barrage-wall K of the reservoir can be cooled by overtrickling it with heavy-water.

3. In accordance with Claim 1, the design of the installation for regulating the discharge from the reservoir is characterised by the temperature-controlled operation of the sluice-gates T by a floating body G.

4. In accordance with Claims 2 & 3, the design of the installation is characterised by the conduction of the heavy-water from sluice-gates T to the top of the barrage-wall K1 by means of rising-pipes W.

5. In accordance with Claim 4, the installation is further characterised by the conduction of heavy-water to the valley-side of the barrage-wall K in horizontal troughs U1, U2 and U3 at various heights above the base.

6. In accordance with Claim 3, the installation is characterised by the provision of a floating body G, constructed as a diving-bell with variable air-content, which can be raised or lowered.

7. In accordance with Claim 6, the installation is characterised by the incorporation of an open-ended, vertically adjustable pipe R in contact with the atmosphere.

8. In accordance with Claim 5 the installation is characterised by the connection of the individual diverter-pipes U1, U2 and U3, for the conduction of heavy-water, to their common rising-pipe W via closable valves V1 and V2.