Gyroscopic Particles (how they work)

[kmarinas86]

Gyroscope wheel animation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyroscope_wheel_animation.gif

Consider a wheel with three axes. One is the spin axis of the wheel. The second one is your input axis. The third one is your output axis.

To better visualize this, find a US quarter in your house that has George Washington facing left on it, or if you dont have such a coin, find any coin in the house.

We will focus on the "head" side of the coin first. Hold the coin up with the head standing upright held between your right thumb and finger. Hold the coin below your head so that you can see the top edge of the quarter.

Question #1: If you rotated the wrist of your right hand clockwise, which direction would the head try to tilt?

Answer: None. Becuase the quarter is not spinning through your fingers, there will be no attempt by the quarter to resist the motion of your fingers.

Question #2: If one picked up a similar size object that had a little wheel spinning inside of it, which direction would that object try to tilt?

Answer:

* If Mr. Washington decides to turn his head "to his right", two possibilities arise:
** First possibility: You turned the wrist of your right hand clockwise while the head of Mr. Washington flipped over counter-clockwise.
** Second possibility: You turned the wrist of your right hand counter-clockwise while the head of Mr. Washington back-flipped over clockwise.

* If Mr. Washington decides to turn his head "to his left", two possibilities arise:
** First possibility: You turned the wrist of your right hand clockwise while the head of Mr. Washington back-flipped over clockwise.
** Second possibility: You turned the wrist of your right hand counter-clockwise while the head of Mr. Washington flipped over counter-clockwise.

Now consider the magnetism of a loop current consisting of the flow of negative charge. If the loop current is rotating clockwise, then north points away from you. If the loop current is rotating counter-clockwise, then south points away from you.
* You can verify this by taking your right hand and making a fist with your thumb sticking out. Now, as you lift your hand, move your thumb in the counter-clockwise direction. If you were somehow to rotate your thumb in a full circle, you would notice that the four fingers on your right hand stay inside the circle (because most people's fingers cannot reach the back side of the hand). The direction of those fingers point in the direction of north; this is the basis of the right hand rule. The polarity is determined by the direction which the fingers point when inside the circle (in this case, we are talking about the tips of the fingers). As a result, the polarity facing you in this example is NORTH. This reflects the above statement: "If the loop current is rotating counter-clockwise, then south points away from you."

Now imagine moving a bar magnet "down" at a 90 degree angle against a wire laid horizontally. If north points outwards, then the bounded currents inside the magnet (of atom-bound electrons) you hold are rotating clockwise. So if the gyroscopic particles are "extensions" of the bounded currents so that they too rotate clockwise, then what will become of them when they hit the wire?

One condition outlined by Mr. Newman as to the nature of the gyroscopic particles is that they spin at the speed of light and they move parallel to that axis of spin at the speed of light. In this way, one achieves E = mc^2 = rotational kinetic energy + translational kinetic energy = (1/2)*m*c^2 + (1/2)*m*c^2. Therefore, their axis of spin is always aligned with the direction of their motion within the magnetic field.

Going along with the "Mr. Washington" visual I have just illustrated above (pick up the quarter again), imagine "Mr. Washington" moving away (i.e. waddling sideways to his right) and down (i.e. with the magnet) from you, in the direction of the North pole of the magnet. What will happen is that "Mr. Washington" will tilt his neck to HIS left (i.e. left ear down). In other words, as the gyroscopic particles going out from the magnet hit the wire, a pressure is applied to them which attempts to cause them to go nose up. Why? When the magnet, from which the particles originate, is rotated (nose) down (i.e. when the magnet is moved 90 degrees down against the horizontally-laid wire), the resistance encountered is by an opposite rotational force (i.e. nose up) due to a hydraulic effect. The reason for this hydraulic effect is not via the mechanism that Newman claimed because the length of the wire in his coil can be traversed by the said gyroscopic particles in a much shorter time than the time the switching mechanism is kept on. The hydraulic effect is due to the magnetic coupling of the neighboring gyroscopic particles to which they maintain nose-to-tail alignment, such that their motion, which is always parallel to their spin axis, is constrained by those in front and behind of them. In this situation, the following applies, "You turned the wrist of your right hand counter-clockwise while the head of Mr. Washington back-flipped over clockwise." So in this case, it also matches with the condition that "Mr. Washington decides to turn his head 'to his right'"

Therefore, if "Mr. Washington" turns his head to his right, his "spin axis" will be deflected to the right, and according to the conditions highlighted above, "Mr. Washington's" kinetic energy will be therefore deflected towards the right. However, consider the conservation of momentum; if the gyroscopic particles were deflected to the right, then it must do so as a result of an action-reaction force (i.e. Netwon's third law). Because of this, the particles capable of interacting with these gyroscopic particles move in the opposite direction, which is to the left.

Another fact we must consider is that a magnetic field has no net charge of its own. Thus, the magnetic field can be said to consist of two types of gyroscopic particles that rotate in opposite in directions, each corresponding to the motion of either negative or positive charges that are necessary to produce that field. Then perhaps it could be said that the type corresponding to negative charge can only be deflected if by negative charge, or otherwise it would be absorbed due to electrical attraction, and the type corresponding to positive charge can only be deflected if by positive charge, or otherwise it too would be absorbed due to electrical attraction.

If we speak of the deflection of the "negative charge" type, then the particles that react to this deflection are the electrons. Therefore, the electrons, which are much lighter than protons, will deflect to the left, producing a magnetic field. Additionally, if we speak of the "positive charge" type, then the particles that react to these are the protons, and because of the opposite rotation of these "positive charge" type gyroscopic particles, the protons will be pushed to the right (though this movement is very slight because protons are more massive than electrons). These results are in agreement with the deflection of charged particles in magnetic fields, as indicated by the .svg image that can be found at the Wikipedia article on the Lorentz force.

Per the definition of the gyroscopic particle requiring its translational motion to be parallel to its spin axis at all times, both types gyroscopic particles will be further deflected so as to travel in spirals around the wire in a direction aligned with the magnetic field lines generated by the electron current, and consequently this reduces their ability to negate the magnetic field generated by the electrons which the "negative charge" type of gyroscopic particles had pushed in the opposite direction.

So where does the anomalous energy for the Newman motor come from? It turns out that the energy is not from the gyroscopic particles of the rotary magnet, but rather from the gyroscopic particles of the atoms of copper. Think about it. In Newman's motor configuration, what force is driving the magnet in the first place? It's not from the magnet itself.

Therefore, if the energy, in the form of gyroscopic particles, is in fact released from copper atoms, how do they overcome their magnetic attraction of magnetic loops that exist in each atom? Clearly, there must be a magnetic force at play to overcome this attraction.

To remove the gyroscopic particles from the atoms, the axes of these particles, and consequently their direction of motion, must be kept aligned so as to not double-u-turn back to their source (i.e. the atoms from which they came). This requires that a dominantly-strong magnetic field exists that is close to being uniform at the scale of the atom. To be dominantly-strong, the magnetic field must enable the gyroscopic particles to overcome their tendency to be scattered by electromagnetic radiation (heat).

HOW TO GENERATE THE ANOMALOUSLY STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD

First note that ammeters measure conventional current. Conventional (so-called) current "flows" in the opposite direction as electrons!

The actual electric charge goes from the anode to the cathode.

When the battery is discharging, the anode is the negative terminal (i.e. you remove electrons from the (-))
When the battery is recharging, the anode is the positive terminal (i.e. you remove electrons from the (+)).

It turns out that a current may produce a magnetic field different than would be implied by the velocity of their charges alone. Charges not only have velocity, but also acceleration and jerk, which is equal to a change of acceleration per change in time.

The velocity of the charge contributes to the magnetic field.
The acceleration of the charge contributes to its non-conservative electric field.
The jerk of the charge contributes to the magnetic field.

It is a fact of Maxwell's equations that a changing magnetic field produces a non-conservative electric field. The voltage [V] corresponding to the non-conservative electric field [V/m] is in fact the counter-emf. In turn, a changing non-conservative electric field produces a magnetic field, of the opposite polarity.

If the jerk of the electrons is sufficiently high, a magnetic field surrounding the wire can be generated whose strength is much greater than is explicable by the current. To cause the electrons to jerk sufficiently, a back-spike (i.e. a voltage spike in the opposite direction of the initial current) is required. Granted, the current of the back-spike produces a change magnetic field due to the velocity of the electrons, that actually detracts from the magnetic field of the initial "pre-back-spike" current, however the detraction from the magnetic field is totally overcome by the magnetic field due to the jerk of the electrons. The magnetic field due to the jerk of the electrons therefore overcomes the parasitic effect normally associated with back-spikes.

The stronger the jerk relative to the ultimate velocity of the charge, the stronger this anomalous field. Therefore, when this anomalous field is strong enough to overcome the formerly dominant magnetic forces at play inside the atoms, this causes the paths of gyroscopic particles to align, and thus increase the radius of their path curvature, which forces them to spiral outwards. As the gyroscopic particles extend from atoms, and eventually the wire, they will either attract or repel the rotary consisting of the permanent magnet. Those that will attract it will latch itself to the permanent magnet, and thereby deliver its kinetic energy to the many particles inside the magnet, and in the process of attraction, cause it to rotate. Those that repel would do so and latch onto something else, or they may take a double-u-turn to later attract that same magnet, imparting even more kinetic energy to the magnet.

[kmarinas86]

This following is to address the need for an amendment to my previous explanation for the Newman effect.

There will be several changes to the concept, and a few simplifications.

A major revision is involved to due a sign error, but a remedy has been found nevertheless.

It has come to my attention that the field in the picture of the following link points out of the page and towards the viewer.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorentz_force.svg

Therefore, if we point the north lines of a magnet away from us, and if we then move them down the wire, (1) the "negative charge" type of gyroscopic particles will be deflected to the right, and (2) it will deliver net power to the right! The former (i.e. (1)) remains the same as before, but now must correct that post with the latter (i.e. (2)).

GYROSCOPIC PARTICLES 2.0 (how they work)

Q: So how is net power produced if the forces involved must always be equal and opposite?


X[___A___]C_____D[______B______]Y

Massive object X is displaced from point C a distance of A.
Less massive object Y is displaced from point D a distance of B.

In the general case of displacement constrained in 1 dimension, displacement will be roughly inverse-related to mass for small v_initial:

displacement=[(1/2)*a*t^2]+v_initial*t
displacement=[(1/2)*(force/mass)*t^2]+v_initial*t

Since the magnitude of forces between Object X and Object Y are equal but opposite, the less massive object will undergo more displacement*force = work. Thus more energy is directed in the less massive object Y's direction and less energy is directed is more massive object X's direction.

Because gyroscopic particles are said to have a tiny amount of mass that is related directly to their energy content, this mass is very tiny compared to the mass of electrons. As a result, when such gyroscopic particles are deflected to the right by interaction with proton, electron, or what have you, they deliver net power to the right. And when such gyroscopic particles are deflected to the left, they deliver net power to the left. The above shows why this not have to violate Newton's third law.

The diagram in the following link says that if a north pole pointing towards you is intercepted by an electron even closer to you from the left, the electron will be deflected upwards (i.e. the velocity vector of the electron will turn 90 degrees counter-clockwise from your point of view). This is the equivalent of pointing the south lines of a magnet at conductor laid horizontally further away and moving those south lines downwards in front of them. This is the opposite relationship that was assumed in the previous post.

(See revision of 08:59, 20 June 2006)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorentz_force.svg

Q: How can this explain the existence of a net direction of power flow in a wire when there also exists a "positive charge" type of gyroscopic particles as well?

The "positive charge" type would be electrically attracted to electrons, and thus would be accelerated inwards, thus providing no net force to electrons except that which can be accounted for in the electrical attraction. As it remains trapped, it cannot cause the electrons move. Instead, it merely adds to the heat. Tentatively, we can assume that thermal radiation consists of alternating patterns of "positive charge" type and "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles that are aligned magnetically, rotating in opposite directions, and both moving forward at the speed of light. When such photons impact a mass, "positive charge" and "negative charge" types would deflected at opposite directions, essentially unzipping them into two separate power flows.

For positively-charged subatomic nuclear particles, their preference for attracting gyroscopic particles are opposite that of electrons. For these, the "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles get absorbed while the "positive charge" type are deflected and contribute to net power. However, since most subatomic nuclear particles are shielded by negatively-charged electron orbitals, the contribution of net power in an electric generator is predominately by the involvement of the "negative charge" type of gyroscopic particles, not the "positive charge" type.

Q: How can I be sure that the "negative charge" type will contribute power flow in the right direction and that it will cause electron current flow?

Review the following material before proceeding.

Gyroscope wheel animation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyroscope_wheel_animation.gif

Consider a wheel with three axes. One is the spin axis of the wheel. The second one is your input axis. The third one is your output axis.

To better visualize this, find a US quarter in your house that has George Washington facing left on it, or if you dont have such a coin, find any coin in the house.

We will focus on the "head" side of the coin first. Hold the coin up with the head standing upright held between your right thumb and finger. Hold the coin below your head so that you can see the top edge of the quarter.

Question #1: If you rotated the wrist of your right hand clockwise, which direction would the head try to tilt?

Answer: None. Becuase the quarter is not spinning through your fingers, there will be no attempt by the quarter to resist the motion of your fingers.

Question #2: If one picked up a similar size object that had a little wheel spinning inside of it, which direction would that object try to tilt?

Answer:

* If Mr. Washington decides to turn his head "to his right", two possibilities arise:
** First possibility: You turned the wrist of your right hand clockwise while the head of Mr. Washington flipped over counter-clockwise.
** Second possibility: You turned the wrist of your right hand counter-clockwise while the head of Mr. Washington back-flipped over clockwise.

* If Mr. Washington decides to turn his head "to his left", two possibilities arise:
** First possibility: You turned the wrist of your right hand clockwise while the head of Mr. Washington back-flipped over clockwise.
** Second possibility: You turned the wrist of your right hand counter-clockwise while the head of Mr. Washington flipped over counter-clockwise.

Now consider the magnetism of a loop current consisting of the flow of negative charge. If the loop current is rotating clockwise, then north points away from you. If the loop current is rotating counter-clockwise, then south points away from you.
* You can verify this by taking your right hand and making a fist with your thumb sticking out. Now, as you lift your hand, move your thumb in the counter-clockwise direction. If you were somehow to rotate your thumb in a full circle, you would notice that the four fingers on your right hand stay inside the circle (because most people's fingers cannot reach the back side of the hand). The direction of those fingers point in the direction of north; this is the basis of the right hand rule. The polarity is determined by the direction which the fingers point when inside the circle (in this case, we are talking about the tips of the fingers). As a result, the polarity facing you in this example is NORTH. This reflects the above statement: "If the loop current is rotating counter-clockwise, then south points away from you."

Now imagine moving a bar magnet "down" at a 90 degree angle against a wire laid horizontally. If north points outwards, then the bounded currents inside the magnet (of atom-bound electrons) you hold are rotating clockwise. So if the gyroscopic particles are "extensions" of the bounded currents so that they too rotate clockwise, then what will become of them when they hit the wire?

One condition outlined by Mr. Newman as to the nature of the gyroscopic particles is that they spin at the speed of light and they move parallel to that axis of spin at the speed of light. In this way, one achieves E = mc^2 = rotational kinetic energy + translational kinetic energy = (1/2)*m*c^2 + (1/2)*m*c^2. Therefore, their axis of spin is always aligned with the direction of their motion within the magnetic field.

Going along with the "Mr. Washington" visual I have just illustrated above (pick up the quarter again), imagine "Mr. Washington" moving away (i.e. waddling sideways to his right) and down (i.e. with the magnet) from you, in the direction of the North pole of the magnet. What will happen is that "Mr. Washington" will tilt his neck to HIS left (i.e. left ear down). In other words, as the gyroscopic particles going out from the magnet hit the wire, a pressure is applied to them which attempts to cause them to go nose up. Why? When the magnet, from which the particles originate, is rotated (nose) down (i.e. when the magnet is moved 90 degrees down against the horizontally-laid wire), the resistance encountered is by an opposite rotational force (i.e. nose up) due to a hydraulic effect. The reason for this hydraulic effect is not via the mechanism that Newman claimed because the length of the wire in his coil can be traversed by the said gyroscopic particles in a much shorter time than the time the switching mechanism is kept on. The hydraulic effect is due to the magnetic coupling of the neighboring gyroscopic particles to which they maintain nose-to-tail alignment, such that their motion, which is always parallel to their spin axis, is constrained by those in front and behind of them. In this situation, the following applies, "You turned the wrist of your right hand counter-clockwise while the head of Mr. Washington back-flipped over clockwise." So in this case, it also matches with the condition that "Mr. Washington decides to turn his head 'to his right'"

Therefore, if "Mr. Washington" turns his head to his right, his "spin axis" will be deflected to the right, and according to the conditions highlighted above, "Mr. Washington's" kinetic energy will be therefore deflected towards the right. However, consider the conservation of momentum; if the gyroscopic particles were deflected to the right, then it must do so as a result of an action-reaction force (i.e. Netwon's third law). Because of this, the particles capable of interacting with these gyroscopic particles move in the opposite direction, which is to the left.

Q: How does the energy come out of atoms?

Briefly scan the following material before proceeding.

One condition outlined by Mr. Newman as to the nature of the gyroscopic particles is that they spin at the speed of light and they move parallel to that axis of spin at the speed of light. In this way, one achieves E = mc^2 = rotational kinetic energy + translational kinetic energy = (1/2)*m*c^2 + (1/2)*m*c^2. Therefore, their axis of spin is always aligned with the direction of their motion within the magnetic field.

[...]

Per the definition of the gyroscopic particle requiring its translational motion to be parallel to its spin axis at all times, both types gyroscopic particles will be further deflected so as to travel in spirals around the wire in a direction aligned with the magnetic field lines generated by the electron current, and consequently this reduces their ability to negate the magnetic field generated by the electrons which the "negative charge" type of gyroscopic particles had pushed in the opposite direction.

So where does the anomalous energy for the Newman motor come from? It turns out that the energy is not from the gyroscopic particles of the rotary magnet, but rather from the gyroscopic particles of the atoms of copper. Think about it. In Newman's motor configuration, what force is driving the magnet in the first place? It's not from the magnet itself.

Therefore, if the energy, in the form of gyroscopic particles, is in fact released from copper atoms, how do they overcome their magnetic attraction of magnetic loops that exist in each atom? Clearly, there must be a magnetic force at play to overcome this attraction.

To remove the gyroscopic particles from the atoms, the axes of these particles, and consequently their direction of motion, must be kept aligned so as to not double-u-turn back to their source (i.e. the atoms from which they came). This requires that a dominantly-strong magnetic field exists that is close to being uniform at the scale of the atom. To be dominantly-strong, the magnetic field must enable the gyroscopic particles to overcome their tendency to be scattered by electromagnetic radiation (heat).

HOW TO GENERATE THE ANOMALOUSLY STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD

First note that ammeters measure conventional current. Conventional (so-called) current "flows" in the opposite direction as electrons!

The actual electric charge goes from the anode to the cathode.

When the battery is discharging, the anode is the negative terminal (i.e. you remove electrons from the (-))
When the battery is recharging, the anode is the positive terminal (i.e. you remove electrons from the (+)).

It turns out that a current may produce a magnetic field different than would be implied by the velocity of their charges alone. Charges not only have velocity, but also acceleration and jerk, which is equal to a change of acceleration per change in time.

The velocity of the charge contributes to the magnetic field.
The acceleration of the charge contributes to its non-conservative electric field.
The jerk of the charge contributes to the magnetic field.

It is a fact of Maxwell's equations that a changing magnetic field produces a non-conservative electric field. The voltage [V] corresponding to the non-conservative electric field [V/m] is in fact the counter-emf. In turn, a changing non-conservative electric field produces a magnetic field, of the opposite polarity.

If the jerk of the electrons is sufficiently high, a magnetic field surrounding the wire can be generated whose strength is much greater than is explicable by the current. To cause the electrons to jerk sufficiently, a back-spike (i.e. a voltage spike in the opposite direction of the initial current) is required. Granted, the current of the back-spike produces a change magnetic field due to the velocity of the electrons, that actually detracts from the magnetic field of the initial "pre-back-spike" current, however the detraction from the magnetic field is totally overcome by the magnetic field due to the jerk of the electrons. The magnetic field due to the jerk of the electrons therefore overcomes the parasitic effect normally associated with back-spikes.

The stronger the jerk relative to the ultimate velocity of the charge, the stronger this anomalous field. Therefore, when this anomalous field is strong enough to overcome the formerly dominant magnetic forces at play inside the atoms, this causes the paths of gyroscopic particles to align, and thus increase the radius of their path curvature, which forces them to spiral outwards. As the gyroscopic particles extend from atoms, and eventually the wire, they will either attract or repel the rotary consisting of the permanent magnet. Those that will attract it will latch itself to the permanent magnet, and thereby deliver its kinetic energy to the many particles inside the magnet, and in the process of attraction, cause it to rotate. Those that repel would do so and latch onto something else, or they may take a double-u-turn to later attract that same magnet, imparting even more kinetic energy to the magnet.

What needs to be clarified is how magnetic fields are actually produced by the changing acceleration of electrons. Also what needs explaining is why such magnetic fields will actually reinforce the magnetic field of the "pre-back-spike" current (i.e. the initial motion of moving charge).

Consider the following conductor (made of .'s) that is harboring electrons (made of -'s):

Code Select Expand


CIRCUIT OFF STATE
..........-.......................-....
.....................-.............-...
..-.........-..........-...............
..........-........................-...
....-...........-...........-..........

(10%) ON STATE
..........-.......................-....
.....................-.............-...
V...->........->..........->...........
..........-........................-...
....-...........-...........-..........

(40%) ON STATE
..........-........................-...
V.....................^..........^.....
VV......->>.....->>........->>.........
V..........v......................v....
....-...........-...........-..........

(60%) ON STATE
.......<-.......................<-.....
VV................^.............^......
VV........->>>....->>>......->>>.......
VV.......v.......................v.....
..<-..........<-..........<-...........

(80%) ON STATE
V.....-..........................-.....
VV..............->............->.......
VV...........->>>.....->>>......->>>...
VV.......->.......................->...
V..-..........-............-...........

(100%) ON STATE
VV......->>>...............->>>........
VV...............->>>..........->>>....
VV...............->>>....->>>......->>>
VV.....->>>..............->>>..........
VV....->>>......->>>......->>>.........


CIRCUIT OFF STATE: Electrons are not moving.
(10%) ON STATE: Voltage source begins to appear (center first).
(40%) ON STATE: Some electrons get scattered.
(60%) ON STATE: Back-emf causes current to reverse directions in the wire. A circular magnetic field is generated by resulting circulating currents of small radii.
(80%) ON STATE: Reverse currents are slowed down.
(100%) ON STATE: All currents moving forward. Only the circular magnetic field due to forward moving current remains.

Back-to-back reversals between different levels of on states generate what is known as the skin effect. In AC, each of these circulating currents will have to reverse direction very rapidly, causing wasteful losses. This is why the skin effect is parasitic to the needs of power transfer.

Q: How do we increase the magnetic field produced by these currents without generating many losses with the Skin Effect?"

What we do is to try to not reverse the directions of the currents in the process. In other words, we use triangular pulsed DC (i.e. /|/|/|) for the majority of on-off switchings. This will create an pulsed circulating current (no reversal) and magnetic field (no reversal), which will help the atoms to align in a way not possible with AC. By comparing the integration of functions g(x)=x^2 (integrating one DC pulse) and h(x)=(sin(x*pi+pi/2))^2 (integrating from crest to trough) from x=0 to x=1, one can compare the amount of R*I^2 losses (peak to peak) for each case, (1/3) for pulsed DC case and (1/2) for the AC case respectively. The DC case wastes 1/3 less energy per cycle for such circulating currents given for the magnitude of their peak magnetic field. We also must not allow the current to reach the current 100% on state. This requires that the conductor be switched on for an interval that is a fraction of the L/R circuit time constant, which makes generating triangular pulsed DC relatively straight-forward (i.e. simple mechanical switching).

And finally, when the circuit is broken, such circulating currents would impact the spark gap. The spark gap creates a high electrical potential and behaves as capacitor that is breaking down. This concentration of electrons impacting this suddenly increased resistance would deflect other incoming electrons, and thereby creating more of the circulating currents as described above. The behavior would be similar to that of dropping an ice cube in a glass full of melted water.

This creates the required anomalously strong magnetic field required to align the atoms, and subsequently constrain the motion of gyroscopic particles in matter in larger radius paths that escape these atoms, as elaborated in the following:

So where does the anomalous energy for the Newman motor come from? It turns out that the energy is not from the gyroscopic particles of the rotary magnet, but rather from the gyroscopic particles of the atoms of copper. Think about it. In Newman's motor configuration, what force is driving the magnet in the first place? It's not from the magnet itself.

Therefore, if the energy, in the form of gyroscopic particles, is in fact released from copper atoms, how do they overcome their magnetic attraction of magnetic loops that exist in each atom? Clearly, there must be a magnetic force at play to overcome this attraction.

To remove the gyroscopic particles from the atoms, the axes of these particles, and consequently their direction of motion, must be kept aligned so as to not double-u-turn back to their source (i.e. the atoms from which they came). This requires that a dominantly-strong magnetic field exists that is close to being uniform at the scale of the atom. To be dominantly-strong, the magnetic field must enable the gyroscopic particles to overcome their tendency to be scattered by electromagnetic radiation (heat).

[kmarinas86]

The opening post discussed the spin of gyroscopic particles, the "positive charge" types and "negative charge" types of gyroscopic particles, and the alignments and other conditions necessary to pull out energy from atoms, where each atom is an agglutination of gyroscopic particles that prefer to stay within that atom.

The second post accounted for the sign of the deflection of energy and gave answers to the following questions:

Q: So how is net power produced if the forces involved must always be equal and opposite?
Q: How can this explain the existence of a net direction of power flow in a wire when there also exists a "positive charge" type of gyroscopic particles as well?
Q: How can I be sure that the "negative charge" type will contribute power flow in the right direction and that it will cause electron current flow?
Q: How does the energy come out of atoms?
Q: How do we increase the magnetic field produced by these currents without generating many losses with the Skin Effect?"

This third post will account for other phenomenon. Namely:
1: The direction of eddy currents
2: The vortex motion of gyroscopic particles
3: Conditions for negative charge bias in the magnetic field - a possible means of levitation
4: The material composition of counter-emf

Q: What determines the direction of eddy currents?

The second post established that:
* A north pole passing downward through a conductor laid horizontally on front of it will cause an electron current to deflect to the right.
* A south pole passing downward through a conductor laid horizontally on front of it will cause an electron current to deflect to the left.
* A north pole passing upward through a conductor laid horizontally on front of it will cause an electron current to deflect to the left.
* A south pole passing upward through a conductor laid horizontally on front of it will cause an electron current to deflect to the right.

Now consider a conducting loop of wire laid flat on a table. If you take a north pole from above and bring it closer to the loop, that loop of wire will generate an opposing magnetic field. The result is that the electron current in the loop of wire rotates counter-clockwise.

Now consider what happens if you took the loop of wire and hanged it on the wall while maintaining its shape. Now bring the magnet closer to the loop, and it should still cause the current to rotate counter-clockwise. As the magnet approaches, the lines of force of the magnet which cross the wire change from those that are bundled more tightly to those that are bundled less tightly (i.e. the field lines that are off to the side). Those that are bundled more tightly eventually pass the wire and slide toward the inside of the loop. As a result, those lines of force that are bundled most tightly are seen to move from outside the loop to inside the loop. If the magnet approaches with its north pole facing the loop, the bundle of lines below the center of loop will cause current to move to the right, while the bundle of lines above the center of the loop will cause current to move to the left, resulting in a counter-clockwise motion of current which repels the north pole.

Reversing the polarity would reverse the direction of the induced current. So too would reversing the velocity.

Q: What is the motion of gyroscopic particle in space?

There are four types of gyroscopic particles.

Type-A) A negatively charged gyroscopic particle moving in direction of its north.
Type-B) A negatively charged gyroscopic particle moving in direction of its south.
Type-C) A positively charged gyroscopic particle moving in direction of its north.
Type-D) A positively charged gyroscopic particle moving in direction of its south.

Type-A and Type-B gyroscopic particles are emitted primarily from electrons, but they can be emitted from protons as well.
Type-C and Type-D gyroscopic particles are emitted primarily from protons, but they can be emitted from electrons as well.

When current flows away from the viewer, Type-A and Type-C gyroscopic particles are seen to rotate clockwise.
When current flows away from the viewer, Type-B and Type-D gyroscopic particles are seen to rotate counter-clockwise.

Gyroscopic particles, by definition, have a forward velocity of the speed of light. However, when trapped inside an electron, their average velocity parallel to the wire is less than the speed of light. For an electron travelling at 1/50th the speed of light, gyroscopic particles spend 49 percent of their time going backwards and 51 percent of their time going forwards. For an electron travelling 49/50ths the speed of light, gyroscopic particles spend 99 percent of their time going forwards, and 1 percent of their time going backwards.

When the pathway of the electron is bent around an axis, the gyroscopic particles increase density on the side closer to that axis and reduce density on the side further away from that axis. The stronger field in the side closer to that axis attracts the gyroscopic particles toward a right angle orientation. When the gyroscopic particles move to the other side, away from the axis, they are relatively free of that constraint, and thus are relatively free to move in the general direction of the electron. The stronger force inside the curve means that they will extend further from the wire within that curve than outside of it.

Thus, per the right hand rule, if the electron is curving left (i.e. counter-clockwise from the perspective of a person looking down on its path), more clockwise-moving north-directed gyroscopic particles would be deflected upward on the left side than those deflected downward on the right side. Also, more counterclockwise-moving south-directed gyroscopic particles would be deflected downward on the left side than those deflected upward on right side.

In a relativistic case, gyroscopic particles would exit at a skewed angle. The result is that the magnetic field of a relativistic loop current would consist of two tornado-like forms coming from both sides of the path. Also, the gyroscopic particles co-existing in one of those two forms will tend to attract when placed in the front or rear of each other, but will tend to repel side-by-side, resulting in the formation of discrete helical strands of higher magnetic field intensity.

Such a helical magnetic field can be seen in extragalactic jets originating from black holes located at the center of galaxies. The north-bound gyroscopic particles would come out of one end and the south-bound type on the other. Both types may or may not return to the magnetic field they departured. When they do not, it is simply a matter being deflected away from the field via eddy currents. The reduced presence of returning gyroscopic particles, due to their dissipation within eddy currents and subsequent deflection away from the system, would ensure that the gyroscopic particles would provide a net motive force outward, as opposed to inward, from the magnetic field, which would allow them to add net energy to extragalactic jets.

Q: What conditions are there, if any, for a negative charge bias in the magnetic field?

In just about any electrical circuit, the motion of negative charges are what primarily give rise to a magnetic field. The reason for this is the lower mass of electrons compared to protons allows electrons to be accelerated more readily in a electric field. As a result, the "negative charge" type of gyroscopic particles recieves an additional push from these electrons that the "positive charge" type will not. As a result, for a brief period of time, the "negative charge" type of gyroscopic particles in the magnetic field exceeds that of the "positive charge" type.

Inductance is a property of electromagnets that reduces the rate at which current rises and falls. It is a property that resists a change in magnetic field. Likewises, magnetic fields that extend outside matter and into the surrounding space also have an associated inductance.

Just as there is a time constant of growth and decay of electron currents in an electromagnet, there is a time constant of growth and decay of gyroscopic particles in the magnetic field. Additionally, an initial charge seperation of the gyroscopic particles is produced the moment that electron voltage pressure is applied to the circuit. It too has a time constant of growth and decay. However, such a charge seperation quickly collapses as the "positive charge" types of gyroscopic particles catch up against "negative charge" in alignment with the magnetic field of the electromagnet.

If such an electromagnet were to turn on and off at a very rapid rate and in a coherent manner, the "positive charge" types would not have time to catch up against the "negative charge" types. As a result, the magnet would have an external field that is repulsive to objects surrounded by a negative electric field. Objects surrounded by negative electric field lines ultimately include all atomic matter, all of which are surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Due to the extensive nature of the "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles, their range would not be limited to within nanometers, but rather they may extend as far as the magnetic field itself, allowing them to carry their negative electric field with it.

Let's say we had a horizontally-laid coil electromagnet (i.e. with magnetic poles set vertically) operating as above (i.e. having the magnetic field permeated by a majority of "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles). If one were to put a permanent magnet inside and revolve it like a clock's hour hand (clockwise) with the south pole pointing out, these "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles would have the general tendency to prefer one direction versus the other. In this case, the direction would be downward. If the center of the rotation of the magnet were shifted off-center, the permanent magnet's distance can be made closer at one end, and further at the opposite end, causing a lateral asymmetry in the shape of electrical distribution of the "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles in the magnetic field, thereby producing a lateral repulsive force.

Q: What is the material composition of counter-emf?

First we consider a model where both electrons and protons may actually consist of minute charges. One question that might follow is whether both electrons and protons are blends of "negative charge" and "positive charge" types of gyroscopic particles.

Photons emitted must be have zero net charge. Thus, electrons and protons for example must be able to emit particles laking in net charge. It is also possible that each photon consist of a stable or quasi-stable array of some combination of up to four types of gyroscopic particles.

Thus, "positive charge" and "negative charge" types of gyroscopic particles may participate in the generation of counter-emf. However, it would stand to reason that in electrical circuits, the majority of counter-emf is due "negative charge" type, for the same reasons mentioned in the first two posts.

It is known that counter-emf results from the change of an electric field, and is in fact opposed to the electric field which generates it. The magnetic field of the counter-emf subtracts from the magnetic field generated by the electric current.

If electrons are subjected to an electric field gradient, a smashing pressure will be opposed upon them as they accelerate. As a result, vortices of gyroscopic particles inside each electron are generated which will attempt to align magnetically with the magnetic field produced by overall electron current, via a process similar to what is described in the second-to-last section "How does the energy come out of atoms?" of the second post "Gyroscopic particles 2.0 (how they work)". The vortices themselves will attract along their axis of rotation, and they subsequently form arch-shaped patterns inside electron. When such vortices develop quickly, by virtue of a fast developing electric field, they induce eddy currents which generate an opposing magnetic field (or back-emf). The eddy currents themselves would be arranged in similar arch shaped patterns. These eddy currents, consisting of gyroscopic particles would themselves also give off gyroscopic particles, but this with these:

1) The north-directed gyroscopic particles move counter-clockwise around the current (as viewed by an observer at the source).
2) The south-directed gyroscopic particles move clockwise around a current (as viewed by an observer at the source).

Because such "gyroscopic particles of gyroscopic particles of electrons" are magnetically opposed to the majority, they are bound to be deflected such that they may or may not be realigned to the majority. Nevertheless, such particles would tend to swerve laterally away to where the magnetic field is less intense. Laterally in this case would be either in the general direction of the electron or against it. Once they are free from the electron, in seeking an even lesser dense field, they are forced to occupy a path of large radius, forcing them outward radially from the path of the electron. When a collision finally occurs, it most often occurs with a particle at a further radius from the point depature. The two most likely possibilites are the following:

1) North-directed gyroscopic particles are knocked inward to rotate in a smaller counter-clockwise path.
2) South-directed gyroscopic particles are knocked inward to rotate in a smaller clockwise path.

The resulting deflection is the same as one would expect when moving the lines of force of a magnet upward through a horizontally-laid conductor placed in front of the magnet. The "negative charge" type of counter-clockwise revolving north-directed gyroscopic particles would be deflected to its left, while the "negative charge" type of clockwise revolving south-directed gyroscopic particles would be deflected to its right. The result is that both types move in opposition to the originating current. This gives rise to the electric portion of the counter-emf.

The same gyroscopic particles thus participate in both the electric and the magnetic field of the system simultaneously.

[kmarinas86]

Q: What determines the direction of eddy currents?

The second post established that:
* A north pole passing downward through a conductor laid horizontally on front of it will cause an electron current to deflect to the right.
* A south pole passing downward through a conductor laid horizontally on front of it will cause an electron current to deflect to the left.
* A north pole passing upward through a conductor laid horizontally on front of it will cause an electron current to deflect to the left.
* A south pole passing upward through a conductor laid horizontally on front of it will cause an electron current to deflect to the right.

Now consider a conducting loop of wire laid flat on a table. If you take a north pole from above and bring it closer to the loop, that loop of wire will generate an opposing magnetic field. The result is that the electron current in the loop of wire rotates counter-clockwise.

Now consider what happens if you took the loop of wire and hanged it on the wall while maintaining its shape. Now bring the magnet closer to the loop, and it should still cause the current to rotate counter-clockwise. As the magnet approaches, the lines of force of the magnet which cross the wire, change from those that are bundled more tightly to those that are bundled less tightly (i.e. the field lines that are off to the side). Those that are bundled more tightly eventually pass the wire and slide toward the inside of the loop. As a result, those lines of force that are bundled most tightly are seen to move from outside the loop to inside the loop. If the magnet approaches with its north pole facing the loop, the bundle of lines below the center of loop will cause current to move to the right, while the bundle of lines above the center of the loop will cause current to move to the left, resulting in a counter-clockwise motion of current which repels the north pole.

Reversing the polarity would reverse the direction of the induced current. So too would reversing the velocity.

The above demonstrates an issue that must be clarified.

In the above example, as the north pole approaches, subsequent lines are more diagonal, for they exist off to the side of the more tightly bundled lines in the center. Thus, while individual lines are seen to translate from outside the loop to inside the loop, the conductors encounter a succession of lines of force which curls from the inside the loop (horizontal) to outside the loop (diagonal).

Thus, the north lines at the bottom half the loop switch from those that are horizontal to those that are "nose" down. Thus, it is equivalent to a north pole being rotated downwards to that bottom half the loop. This causes the current to move to the right.

For the other top half, the north lines switch from those that are horizontal to those that are "nose" up. Thus, it is equivalent to a north pole being rotated upwards to the top half the loop. This causes the current to move to the left.

Together, these cause the current to move counter-clockwise from the point-of-view of the north pole lines. The result is a repulsion.

Therefore, simplifying the cause of gyroscopic deflection of energy as being one of translation relative to the path of gyroscopic particles may in fact be contrary to experimental observations. Therefore, one must consider the following details:


Consider the difference between a static situation where the conductor does not move in relation to the magnetic field of the permanent magnet, and a non-static one:

The north-directed particles and the south-directed particles in a magnetic field of the permanent magnet move in opposite directions. Thus, when they hit the same electron in the conductor, the north-directed particles may experience a tilt "nose" up and turn to its right (if the "negative charge" type) or its left (if the "positive charge" type), while the south-directed particles may experience a tilt "nose" down and turn to its right (if the "negative charge" type) or its left (if the "positive charge type). Such tilts would cause them to be deflected in same direction. However, this is simply one possibility.

In consideration of the four types of gyroscopic particles with a 50% chance that they will be tilted "nose up" and a 50% chance that they will be titled "nose down", upon collision with an electron, no preferred direction of motive force results from this interaction, and the result is no work being done that electron.

However, when a field is rotated, the balance between the four types of gyroscopic particles is breached. For example, if one were to rotate a north pole towards a conductor with the south pole further away from the conductor, the north-directed gyroscopic particles (i.e. TYPE-A and TYPE-C) would be first to affect it, thus providing the motive force. However, not too long after that, the south-directed gyroscopic particles (i.e. TYPE-B and TYPE-D) would counter this change, resulting again in a dynamic equilibrium. The nature of that dynamic equilibrium depends on whether or not the conductor is a superconductor and whether or not the magnet maintains the same field change through time. For a superconductor, the dynamic equilibrium has a persisting electric current. For a regular conductor, the dynamic equilibrium is a condition that forms after the electrical current has dissipated as heat. Alternatively, if the rate of magnetic field changes were somehow maintained over time, then the equilibrium involves a stable current, as long the induced power matches the power dissipated as heat.

Now consider a dynamic situation where work is done on the conductor to cause it to cut up vertically through the horizontally-aligned north end of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet at right angles:

In this case, there is a balance between the four types of gyroscopic particles in the overall magnetic field of the permanent magnet. On the other hand, work must be done on the electrons to move the conductor up through, at right angles, to the external magnetic field. When not significantly affected by the magnetic field, the positive charges and negative charges in the conductor produce opposite magnetic fields (as reflected by their opposite charges) existing at plane perpendicular to the motion of the conductor, as opposed to being perpendicular to the length of the conductor. Each charge may have all four types of gyroscopic particles in their surrounding magnetic fields. However, each magnetic field either has a dominance of the "negative charge" type of gyroscopic particles, as it is in the case of electrons, or a dominance of the "positive charge" type gyroscopic particles, as it is in the case of protons.

Clearly the work that was done on the conductor that generated that current also allowed effort to be dispersed within the material to rearrange the pathways of gyroscopic particles, and subsequent patterns of magnetic polarization surrounding both positively-charged and negatively-charged subatomic particles that comprise their opposite magnetic fields.

From the point of view of the magnetic field, when it is directly above the electron (or just about), the circular magnetic field of that electron constitutes a north pointing in a counter-clockwise circular path. Later, when the point of view is instead directly below electron (or just about), the circular magnetic field constitutes a north pointing in a clockwise path.

The two types of "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles in the electron's magnetic field are north-directed and south-directed (i.e. aligned or counter-aligned with this path).

Let's call them (-,-,Ndir) and (-,-,Sdir).

The two types of "positive charge" type gyroscopic particles in the electron's magnetic field are north-directed and south-directed (i.e. aligned or counter-aligned with this path).

Let's call them (+,-,Ndir) and (+,-,Sdir).

From the point of view of the magnetic field, when it is directly above the proton (or just about), the circular magnetic field of that proton constitutes a north pointing in a clockwise circular path. Later, when the point of view is instead directly below proton (or just about), the circular magnetic field constitutes a north pointing in a counter-clockwise path.

The two types of "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles in the proton's magnetic field are north-directed and south-directed (i.e. aligned or counter-aligned with this path).

Let's call them (-,+,Ndir) and (-,+,Sdir).

The two types of "positive charge" type gyroscopic particles in the proton's magnetic field are north-directed and south-directed (i.e. aligned or counter-aligned with this path).

Let's call them (+,+,Ndir) and (+,+,Sdir).

(-,-,Ndir) is deflected to its left when subject to the force from above, and thus is deflected towards the center of the electron.
(-,-,Sdir) is deflected to its right when subject to the force from above, and thus is deflected towards the center of the electron.
(+,-,Ndir) is deflected to its right when subject to the force from above, and thus is deflected away from the center of the electron.
(+,-,Sdir) is deflected to its left when subject to the force from above, and thus is deflected away the center of the electron.

(+,+,Ndir) is deflected to its right when subject to the force from above, and thus is deflected towards from the center of the proton.
(+,+,Sdir) is deflected to its left when subject to the force from above, and thus is deflected towards the center of the proton.
(-,+,Ndir) is deflected to its left when subject to the force from above, and thus is deflected away the center of the proton.
(-,+,Sdir) is deflected to its right when subject to the force from above, and thus is deflected away the center of the proton.

As a result, it can be seen that collisions with the gyroscopic particles that comprise the magnetic field of the permanent magnet generate forces that try to rid the proton of "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles while also generating forces that try to rid the electron of "positive charge" type gyroscopic particles.

Through these collisions, which they resist, protons become "purified" of negative charges and electrons become "purified" of positive charges. The greater the forces, and the longer they are applied, the greater the purification attainable.

By definition, protons in atoms have successfully attracted one or more electrons into one or more electron shells.

In atoms, collisions with the gyroparticle field:

* Squeeze the atomic nucleus
* Deflect tiny "contaminating", "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles away from the atomic nucleus and onto the electron shell
* Squeeze the electron shells
* Deflect tiny "contaminating", "positive charge" type gyroscopic particles away from the electron shells

As for ions:

* Positive ions would tend to emit "contaminating", "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles.
* Negative ions would tend to emit "contaminating", "positive charge" type gyroscopic particles.

Because electrons surround all atomic nuclei, the primary emission would be that of "contaminating", "positive charge" type gyroscopic particles. What is left is a mass that has a negative charge, in agreement with the observation that the electric field lines in the earth's atmosphere point inward (See: http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/TreshaEdwards.shtml). It is also in agreement with an observation verified in the 1960's that the sun has a negative charge (See: The Sun's Electrical Charge by Bailey, V. A. (1964). Nature 201: 1202-1203.).

Because gyroscopic particles are simultaneously energy, momentum, mass and charge traveling at the speed of light, it can be said that the internal energy of gyroscopic particles within atoms do not individually or in any other way increase or decrease in energy. They are units of energy, and thus they cannot gain or lose any energy. Therefore deflection of this energy to a different orbital path radius changes both its wavelength and frequency, but it does not change its kinetic energy.

Such interactions may increase in volume and intensity with the density of the gyroparticle field and the velocity through it as long as additional "contaminating" gyroscopic particles in the proton, the electron, or both, still exist. These "contaminating" gyroscopic particles are in fact necessary for this process to conserve angular momentum. Because the mass and velocity of each gyroscopic particle must both be constant, gyroscopic particles constitute units of momentum, and if the radius of path curvature were reduced overall on that system, then system's angular momentum must reduce by definition. Thus, to conserve angular momentum, the sum of all vector radii of path curvature must be a constant in a closed system.

Over time, the "contaminating" positively-charged gyroscopic particles could be thrown out of the electronic, planetary, and stellar systems and into the interstellar void. As of now, such charges would appear to be a tiny fraction of the total charge of the system. However, if trends continued, a very large potential difference would be generated, and the result would likely be the heating of gases in filament patterns. The sooner that the electrical potential difference unleashes a discharge, the smaller the discharge would be.

For example, in the smallest of protogalaxies, such potential differences could have resulted in their merger, and increased the frequency of stellar formation as a whole, and thereby returning a point where another such electrical potential difference may be produced in the future by the same process. On the other hand, some of the energy would "seem" to be permanently contained in lost photons that will "never" be absorbed by matter again, a claim that could be dealt away with in a fractal universe consisting of various expanding and contracting materials of unlimited variation in size and surface area in which light could be collected. One possibility includes dark spheres on the order of billions of light years across and weighing more than 5 times than what physicists believe is the mass of the known universe. Ever since maps of the microwave background radiation of the universe have been created, such spheres may in fact be literally hidden in plain sight, due to their actual nature as massive giants being hidden by the poor angular resolution of such maps.

As a general characteristic of the above process described above, the emissive energy within a system will tend to disperse more rapidly as internal frequencies increase, and will continue to do so at that rate so as long the potential difference formed between the positive charge in the interstellar void and the negative charge of planetary and stellar masses does not short out through the electrically insulating vacuum of space.

Frequency differences are produced at various levels of matter. For example:

The nucleus subjected to the dense gyroparticle field will contract....
Thus requiring gyroscopic particles within the atomic nucleus to take less time to revolve around the nuclear center....
Which thereby increases the frequency of the atomic nucleus....
While that same process deflects "contaminating", "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles out of the grip of the proton's magnetic field....
Then the "contaminating", "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles are bombarded onto the interior area of the electron shells....
And when the pressure of those "contaminating", "negative charge" type gyroscopic particles rises....
Electron shells must occupy more space, and in doing so....
The gyroscopic particles of the electron shells must take more time to make revolutions around the nucleus....
And thus the frequency of electron shell is decreased.

It is the negatively-charged particles which must undertake what is currently referred to as "time dilation". As a result of the frequency decrease of negative charges, anything electronic in nature will be subject to time dilation. However, nuclear processes would increase in frequency when moved quickly through the gyroparticle field, and such would permit time acceleration.

Atomic clocks operate by resonance with electron transition frequencies, and thus they would only observe time dilation effects, not time acceleration effects.

In gravitational fields, matter is observed to undergo a decrease in frequency. That frequency is related to their internal clocks. If you believe in GR and SR, then such shifts in frequency can be equated with shifts in the rate passage of time. However, I do not favor the concept of a rate passage of time, but rather I prefer to think of shifts in the frequency of cycles inherent within matter. In my view, frequency can go up and down relative to the baseline, and thus the rate passage of time can both increased and decreased relative to the baseline.

Mike Hawkins discovered an unusual feature of quasars: Quasar spectra do not exhibit the degree of time dilation predicted by conventional cosmological theories concerning the Big Bang. In other words, they are observed to be at a higher frequency than expected.

The quasar anomaly could be explained by the above proposed mechanism for the time acceleration of nuclear processes. Also, because the quasars' energy intense environment pulverizes matter, many electrons are broken free from the grip of the positive nuclei, and their interaction with the intense magnetic field of the quasars would deflect the relatively lighter electrons more readily, causing them to disperse in a much larger cloud than the formed by the bare positive nuclei. That outer cloud is electrically negative. The most intense activity occurs in the center, where much of the electrons have been scattered away, revealing a center consisting mainly of positive nuclear charges. The result is that the high frequency activity at the hotter center, where the orbital period around the quasar is smaller, is not subject to "time dilation", for "time dilation" in this hereforto proposed depiction of gyroscopic particles is regarded as merely a frequency decrease associated with the radius and wavelength expansion of electron shells, such that time dilation would not at all affect the frequency at the center of quasars where their presence is reduced.

Overall, the quantity of gyroscopic particles pervading this field as well as the velocity (including both speed and direction) in relation to this field would determine the rate at which the dispersion of frequencies increased, where negative charges decrease frequency and positive charges increase frequency.

In relativity too, it is said that velocity, in addition to gravitational wells produced by concentrated energy "mass", causes time dilation effects. However, relativity does require the notion of spacetime, whereas the new idea present in this topic does not.

I prefer to not believe in a curving "spacetime" or even curved "space" itself.

I also doubt that velocity is strictly relative, for all acceleration is due to work done with respect field potentials, each of which itself has an initial position, and whose displacement occurring in the presence of the object determines the work each potential does on that object. This work appears to be what generates the physical characteristics of the magnetic field, as opposed to being due to a "pure" velocity that could be regarded outside the context of a two-body system (+ observer). The work is itself is a transfer of gyroscopic particles from many bodies to another "body", and therefore the acceleration is fundamentally a change in centripetal acceleration, as opposed to a linear acceleration. The illusion of a "linear" acceleration can be created by reducing centripetal acceleration of a constant velocity, such that the particles trace larger paths (i.e. c^2/r reduces as r increases), with a preference to extend over some length, which would make the centripetal acceleration in fact one that oscillates up and down, with an average value lower than the steady state value. The larger paths to be traced would result in a time dilation that is ultimately due to the changes in centripetal acceleration that result from path deflection, as opposed a "linear" velocity as commonly assumed due to the common perceptual bias that favors the macroscopic over the microscopic definitions of the movement of a "gross" object when discussing simple mechanical pushing. The directional anisotropy of the input energy can be likened to the source of propagation of sounds waves through gas, liquids, or solids that follows from impacting objects, and such can in effect "stretch" the motion of particles such that their vibration occurs back and forth along that distance.

The hereforto discussed ideas of gyroscopic particles necessitate that the surface of all atomic matter, composed of electron shells, must expand, not contract, when in the presence and relative motion of a matter, in contrarian distinction to the present views of the General Theory of Relativity. As early as 3 years ago in August 25, 2007, or 71 days before I discovered the ideas of Joseph Newman in November 4, 2007 (when in fact Joseph Newman was 71 years old), I had proposed something similar, but without differencing between dissimilar charges:

Time acceleration hypothesis (Galaxies) - Science Forums (thread started on August 25, 2007)
http://scienceforums.com/showthread.php?t=12632

[kmarinas86]

Because gyroscopic particles are simultaneously energy, momentum, mass and charge traveling at the speed of light, it can be said that the internal energy of gyroscopic particles within atoms do not individually or in any other way increase or decrease in energy. They are units of energy, and thus they cannot gain or lose any energy. Therefore deflection of this energy to a different orbital path radius changes both its wavelength and frequency, but it does not change its kinetic energy
[...]
I also doubt that velocity is strictly relative, for all acceleration is due to work done with respect field potentials, each of which itself has an initial position, and whose displacement occurring in the presence of the object determines the work each potential does on that object. This work appears to be what generates the physical characteristics of the magnetic field, as opposed to being due to a "pure" velocity that could be regarded outside the context of a two-body system (+ observer). The work is itself is a transfer of gyroscopic particles from many bodies to another "body", and therefore the acceleration is fundamentally a change in centripetal acceleration, as opposed to a linear acceleration. The illusion of a "linear" acceleration can be created by reducing centripetal acceleration of a constant velocity, such that the particles trace larger paths (i.e. c^2/r reduces as r increases), with a preference to extend over some length, which would make the centripetal acceleration in fact one that oscillates up and down, with an average value lower than the steady state value. The larger paths to be traced would result in a time dilation that is ultimately due to the changes in centripetal acceleration that result from path deflection, as opposed a "linear" velocity as commonly assumed due to the common perceptual bias that favors the macroscopic over the microscopic definitions of the movement of a "gross" object when discussing simple mechanical pushing. The directional anisotropy of the input energy can be likened to the source of propagation of sounds waves through gas, liquids, or solids that follows from impacting objects, and such can in effect "stretch" the motion of particles such that their vibration occurs back and forth along that distance.

A summary of the above quoted text:
1) Gyroscopic particles undergo zero linear acceleration.
2) An illusion of linear acceleration is generated due to an overall increase in the radii of path curvature of gyroscopic particles within an object.

Thus, the phenomenon of electrical attraction and electrical repulsion must be somehow be accounted for by same mechanical mechanism described in the first post.

Also consider what was said in the third post:

There are four types of gyroscopic particles.

Type-A) A negatively charged gyroscopic particle moving in direction of its north.
Type-B) A negatively charged gyroscopic particle moving in direction of its south.
Type-C) A positively charged gyroscopic particle moving in direction of its north.
Type-D) A positively charged gyroscopic particle moving in direction of its south.

Type-A and Type-B gyroscopic particles are emitted primarily from electrons, but they can be emitted from protons as well.
Type-C and Type-D gyroscopic particles are emitted primarily from protons, but they can be emitted from electrons as well.

When current flows away from the viewer, Type-A and Type-C gyroscopic particles are seen to rotate clockwise.
When current flows away from the viewer, Type-B and Type-D gyroscopic particles are seen to rotate counter-clockwise.

Gyroscopic particles, by definition, have a forward velocity of the speed of light. However, when trapped inside an electron, their average velocity parallel to the wire is less than the speed of light. For an electron travelling at 1/50th the speed of light, gyroscopic particles spend 49 percent of their time going backwards and 51 percent of their time going forwards. For an electron travelling 49/50ths the speed of light, gyroscopic particles spend 99 percent of their time going forwards, and 1 percent of their time going backwards.

________

ELECTRICAL REPULSION

Now consider the fact that if you have two like-charged particles, their fields are known to overlap, and such fields will produce what appears to be "electrical" repulsion.

Type-Negative Bundle) A bundle consisting of Type-A and Type-B gyroscopic particles moving in opposite directions.

When Type-A particles and Type-B particles existing within the same Type-Negative bundle both hit the same object, they will be deflected in the same direction. For example, if they hit an object nose-down, the Type-A particles will deflect to their right, and the Type-B particles, going in the opposite direction, will deflect to their left.

As electrons approach each other, the currents of their gyroscopic particles increase in magnitude as they are made to travel in smaller loops while maintaining their velocity at c. Such currents (sets of "bundlets") not only go in opposite directions, but also have like charge, and thus each of the two sets of bundlets per bundle would generate Lorentz forces directed oppositely of one another when in the presence of a magnetic field. Thus such bundles are unstable to magnetic fields, and their split components will turn around back to their source. The gyroscopic particles are thus deflected away from the space straight between the electrons, and thus they are unattracted to that space. Thus the repulsion between electrons constitutes splitting Type-Negative bundles and reversing the direction of the subsequent "bundlets".

Type-Positive Bundle) A bundle consisting of Type-C and Type-D gyroscopic particles moving in opposite directions.

When Type-C particles and Type-D particles existing within the same Type-Positive bundle both hit the same object, they will be deflected in the same direction. For example, if they hit an object nose-down, the Type-C particles will deflect to their left, and the Type-D particles, going in the opposite direction, will deflect to their right.

As protons approach each other, the currents of their gyroscopic particles increase in magnitude as they are made to travel in smaller loops while maintaining their velocity at c. Such currents (sets of "bundlets") not only go in opposite directions, but also have like charge, and thus each of the two sets of bundlets per bundle would generate Lorentz forces directed oppositely of one another when in the presence of a magnetic field. Thus such bundles are unstable to magnetic fields, and their split components will turn around back to their source. The gyroscopic particles are thus deflected away from the space straight between the protons, and thus they are unattracted to that space. Thus the repulsion between protons constitutes splitting Type-Positive bundles and reversing the direction of the subsequent "bundlets".

________

ELECTRICAL ATTRACTION

Now consider the fact that if you have two oppositely charged particles, their fields are known to overlap, and such fields will produce what appears to be "electrical" attraction.

So if you have a negative charge emitting Type-A and Type-B gyroscopic particles, and a positive charge emitting Type-C and Type-D gyroscopic particles, bundles will form between the opposite charges. Two types of such bundles will exist:

Type-AC Bundle) A bundle consisting of Type-A and Type-C gyroscopic particles moving in opposite directions.
Type-BD Bundle) A bundle consisting of Type-B and Type-D gyroscopic particles moving in opposite directions.

The reason that makes them bundles is the same as prior. When they strike an object, the particles of each bundle are deflected in the same direction. For example, a Type-A particle is deflected to its right when it hits an object nose-down, while a Type-C particle in the same bundle and going in the opposite direction is deflected to its left, causing both to be deflected at the same right angle.

However, unlike Type-Positive or Type-Negative bundles, Type-AC bundles and Type-BD are stable to magnetic fields.

This is because the Lorentz force of each type of bundle affects their inner bundlets in the same manner, which is due to the fact that each bundlet consists of currents of oppositely-charged gyroscopic particles flowing in opposite directions, as opposed to like-charged gyroscopic particles flowing in opposite directions. Such stability to magnetic fields allows these gyroscopic particles to continue further along a relatively linear trajectory, allowing for closer approach of opposite charges. The closer the opposite charges are, the larger the volume of gyroscopic particles emitted between them, which thereby accelerates this process.

The above accounts for electrical attraction and repulsion without postulating that gyroscopic particles experience any form of linear acceleration, and thus it allows each of them to have constant kinetic energy and a constant magnitude of momentum.