Hi Callanan.
Nice work, there seem to be sufficient force in that single pulse downstroke, maybe more than gasolin.

Now the question is.
What is the current the inverter is drawing, if you pulse this circuit above by let say 80hz squarewave instead of the switch. This would give (2stroke) 80revs x 60s = 4800rpm.

I think the Graneau document is extremely clear.  Fog/mist/water vapour has less latent heat energy than rain drops or liquid water. 

I've always wondered about mist.  We tend to think of mist as being steam - because it's associated with boiling kettles and such.  But steam is invisible.  The phase transition from water to steam occurs at 100 degrees C, give or take depending on pressure.  When we see water vapour - it's not steam.  And mist and fog are associated with cold temperatures. 

On a cold foggy morning - what turns the fog back into water? I'm not 100% sure, but i'm reasonably certain that it's the solar radiation that adds extra heat.  Whether it condenses to form water, or whether it takes off into the sky to form clouds - I don't know.  But it seems clear to me that A/ it doesn't get turned into steam, and B/ it absorbs a lot of energy before it becomes liquid water again.

I'm thinking that a closed loop system is probably going to require an extensive heat exchanger system, where it would clearly be seen that ambiant heat energy is absorbed from the environment in the process of distilling the vapour back into water to be reused.  I believe this is probably a valid mechanism for a perpetuum mobile of the second kind - an isothermal Maxwell Demon.  But that's probably considered off topic ...

Anyway - low temperature fog has often fascinated me regarding energy content, and I think it's becoming much clearer to me know.  There is energy here (in water), for certain.

If we take a quantity of water, add a small amount of energy, and output that water as vapour, which now lacks the hydrogen bonds holding it together - we know that energy is, allegedly, never created nor destroyed - so that energy is liberated in the process.

Sounds wierd - but seems to be whats happening.

@greendoor
Fog forms when water evaporates due to geothermal heat and makes contact to colder air.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog no need to wonder anymore

QuoteOn a cold foggy morning - what turns the fog back into water?

I think because the fog get sataurated and bigger water drops are formed.

Quote from: alan on July 08, 2008, 07:47:16 AM
@greendoor
Fog forms when water evaporates due to geothermal heat and makes contact to colder air.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog no need to wonder anymore

That's an overly simplistic statement that doesn't work for me.  Are you saying that water is converted to steam (requiring temperature at boiling point) and that it condenses back into water when cooled by colder air?  Obviously not ... so what is the mechanism that turns liquid water into fog or mist?  I'm just saying i've never really understood this - although assumed it has something to do with brownian motion and kinetic heat energy.  My understanding has always assumed that fog or mist was like a transition stage between water and steam, and therefore at a higher energy level.  But that's clearly wrong ... so now i'm seeing it as a LOWER energy level than water ...

But don't quote me - i'm just trying to get my head around this stuff.

Sorry to rant off topic - but somebody might be interested in this tangent ... I have experience with an old arc projector that used carbon rods to provide a powerful light beam for a theatre.  I also have welding experience - so I am thinking, why limit ourselves to single shot sparks?  Could we maintain a plasma stream - or perhaps a rapidly pulsed plasma stream - immersed in water, designed to shoot a continuous stream of vapour in one direction.  Maybe a conical spark gap could be used?  Maybe a capacitor could be used to shear water into vapour in one direction ... is this energy related to cavitation energy?  Could a mechanical solution rip the water apart?  Maybe a Tesla turbine? 

Sorry - just dancing around the basic principle here - because I believe the best designs will come from an understanding of what's actually providing the energy ...