A SIMPLE ELECTRIC HEATER, WHICH HAS EFFICIENCY GREATER THAN 1

[lancaIV]

Palladium = Oxydant
Silver= Oxydant
Argentum-elements = Oxydants

Aluminium = Oxydant if not Oxidation-layered ergo anti- oxydation coating
https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f9/aluminum_water_hydrogen.pdf


In the vicinity of room temperature, the reaction between aluminum metal and water to form aluminum hydroxide and hydrogen is the following: 2Al + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2. The gravimetric hydrogen capacity from this reaction is 3.7 wt.% and the volumetric hydrogen capacity is 46 g H2/L.

https://phys.org/news/2007-05-hydrogen-aluminum-alloy-fuel-cells.html

The gallium is critical to the process because it hinders the formation of a skin normally created on aluminum's surface after oxidation. This skin usually prevents oxygen from reacting with aluminum, acting as a barrier. Preventing the skin's formation allows the reaction to continue until all of the aluminum is used.


to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yd157yBmNaM


active surface from 1 ccm solid aluminium versus surface area from 1 ccm nanoaluminium grains ?









Permanent Magnets = Oxydant ?   EP0462103  ?!
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0462103A4&KC=A4&date=&FT=D&locale=en_EP


The magnetic amplifying assembly also produces other benefits such as increasing the pH of the water due to the reduction of hydrogen which bonds to the conduit. The available oxygen (aerobic activity) also increases 270 percent; and fewer BTU's are required per degree of temperature increase to heat the water.









When permanent magnets also electromagnets ,too !? What is electrolysis ?

With negative charge or positive charge  ?
Hydrogen polarisation ? Oxygen polarisation ? Bonded !? Unbonded !?


Hydro - Oxid ~ water  oxydation = splitting  ; purity ? mole per sec/minute/hour ?

[George1]

Hi lancaIV,
Interesting post. Please give us some time to consider it carefully. (But I would like to ask to be a little more specific and to express your thoughts in a little more clearer manner.)
George

[Floor]

Hi George.

Not all of the electrical energy becomes heat, during the electrolysis.

Some of the energy MUST have been spent to split the water / was not spent to heat the water.  It's not split by the heat !

If the heating of the water by the passage of an electric current through it is a 100% efficient energy transformation,
then the breaking apart of the water molecules plus the heating is itself an O.U. event.  This would be O.U. even before burning the H and O.
                                                         TO my understanding this is not the case.  It's not O.U. .

Are there not electric charge potentials present in the H and O gases, which were not present in the water before electrolysis,
and which are the result of the electrolysis? 

That ionization  energy / potential is where some of the electrical energy put into the water goes during electrolysis.

If 100% of that ionization energy is transformed into heat when burning the H and O, then you have Unity, but still not  O. U. .

But as I pointed out previously,  If the electrolysis heating combined with  the heat of H and O burning are  = Unity  (scientific convention holds this to be so)

                                         Then..... 

The H can be burned (heat gained) this = unity.

Energy gained as a rising of the H through the atmosphere before burning (Hydrogen  balloon) is then O. U. .

                                           Also
 
The H can be burned at a high altitude (mountain top) giving yet more O. U. as that of falling water.

The by product of that burning is water vapor.


                          floor

[George1]

Hi Floor,
======================
======================
1) I am sending again our post of March 26, 2019, 10:39:21 AM.
"Please have a look at the book "Solved Problems in Physics", 2004, Volume 2, p. 876, solved problem 12.97. The author of this book is Prof. S. L. Srivastava (Ph.D.)
The same book can be found at the link  https://books.google.bg/books?id=rrKFzLB9KQ8C&pg=PA876&lpg=PA876&dq=%22electrochemical+equivalent+of+hydrogen%22&source=bl&ots=tQ8PSMLet3&sig=ACfU3U2HOLB78XHl2o3q-JanapzSK-McJA&hl=bg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDpp2-zZXhAhWT5OAKHUfuBzUQ6AEwBHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22electrochemical%20equivalent%20of%20hydrogen%22&f=false
--------------------------
For your convenience I am giving below the text of the problem and its solution.
--------------------------
12.97. In the electrolysis of sulphuric acid solution, 100 mg of hydrogen is liberated in a period of 20 minutes. The resistance of the electrolyte is 0.5 Ohm. Calculate the power consumed. Electrochemical equivalent of hydrogen is 1.044 x 10 -8 kg/C.
Solution: The power consumed is equal to 31.86 W.
Prof. S. L. Srivastava stops here his calculations.
(The related solution's set of equations is not given here in order to save time and space. This set of equations however can be found in the book or in the link above.)
--------------------------
The above solved problem has a potential which can be developed further. And here it is.
1) Let us calculate the inlet energy, that is, inlet energy = (31.86 W) x (1200 s) = 38232 Ws = 38232 J.
2) Let us calculate the current I. The current I is given by I = (m)/(Z x t) = 7.9 A,
where
m = 0.0001kg of hydrogen
Z = electrochemical equivalent of hydrogen
t = 1200 s
3) The Joule's heat, generated in the process of electrolysis is given by
Q = I x I x R x t = (7.9 A) x (7.9 A) x (0.5 Ohm) x (1200 s) = 37446 J = outlet energy 1.
4) HHV of hydrogen is 142 000 000 J/kg. Therefore the heat H, generated by burning/exploding of 0.0001 kg of hydrogen, is given by
H = (142 000 000) x (0.0001) = 14200 J = outlet energy 2.
5) Therefore we can write down the equalities:
5A) outlet energy 1 + outlet energy 2 = 37446 J + 14200 J = 51646 J
5B) inlet energy = 38232 J.
6) Therefore COP is given by
COP = 51646 J/38232 J = 1.35  <=>  COP = 1.35  <=>  COP > 1.
------------------------------
Constant pure water and cooling agent supply could keep constant the electrolyte's temperature, heat exchange, mass and ohmic resistance, respectively.
Besides 0.0001 kg of hydrogen (and the related amount of the already split pure water) is small enough and can be neglected as a factor influencing the electrolyte's temperature, mass and ohmic resisitance.
-----------------------------
And one more interesting fact.
Literally the same solved problem can be found in an old Russian (still from the Soviet times) book "Сборник задач и вопросов по физике", 1986, p. 130, solved example problem 71. The authors of this book are Р. А. Гладкова and Н. И. Кутиловская. In the Russian version the data is a little different, that is, time is 25 minutes, the amount of generated hydrogen is 150 mg, Ohmic resisitance is 0.4 Ohm and the calculated power is 37 W.
Russians also stopped their calculations at 37 W.
Our further development of the Russian version led to COP = 1.37, that is, we have again COP > 1.
-----------------------------
Therefore the text above unambiguously shows that it is a matter of exact experimental data which is in perfect accordance with theory. Because I cannot imagine that three highly qualified experts in physics (yet strongly separated by time, space and nationality) would have made one and same mistake three times in a row. This is impossible!"
-----------------------------
Do you have any theoretical (ONLY THEORETICAL!) objections against the text above?
YES OR NO?
==============================
==============================
2) As for the balloon variation I perfectly agree with you -- it is really an OU device. Shall we do it? Some approximate calculations?
==============================
==============================
Looking forward to your answers.
Regards,
George       

[Floor]

-------------------
Do you have any theoretical (ONLY THEORETICAL!) objections against the text above?
YES OR NO?

           No

       regards
            floor

                   PS
                       Did you by chance find
                             some other references to
                               the hydrogen balloon On this forum
                                other than the single reference I (much earlier) posted