A SIMPLE ELECTRIC HEATER, WHICH HAS EFFICIENCY GREATER THAN 1

[George1]

The text below is a slightly modified, shortened and more precise version of our post of March 09, 2021, 02:46:35 PM.
----------------------------
Have a look again at the book "Solved Problems in Physics", 2004, Volume 2, p. 876, solved problem 12.97. The author of this book is Prof. S. L. Srivastava (Ph.D.)
The same book can be found at the link https://books.google.bg/books?id=rrKFzLB9KQ8C&pg=PA876&lpg=PA876&dq=%22electrochemical+equivalent+of+hydrogen%22&source=bl&ots=tQ8PSMLet3&sig=ACfU3U2HOLB78XHl2o3q-JanapzSK-McJA&hl=bg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDpp2-zZXhAhWT5OAKHUfuBzUQ6AEwBHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22electrochemical%20equivalent%20of%20hydrogen%22&f=false
--------------------------
For your convenience I am giving below the text of the problem and its solution.
--------------------------
12.97. In the electrolysis of sulphuric acid solution, 100 mg of hydrogen is liberated in a period of 20 minutes. The resistance of the electrolyte is 0.5 Ohm. Calculate the power consumed. Electrochemical equivalent of hydrogen is 1.044 x 10 -8 kg/C.
SOLUTION.
Prof. S. L. Srivastava's solution is given below.
Prof. S. L. Srivastava's solution consists of two lines only.
LINE 1. Current through the electrolyte is given by I = (m)/(Z x t).
LINE 2. Power consumed = (I) x (I) x (R) =  ((m)/(Z x t)) x ((m)/(Z x t)) x (R) = 31.86 W.
---------------------------
Prof. S. L. Srivastava stops here his calculations.
(The related solution's set of equations is not given here in order to save time and space. This set of equations however can be found in the book or in the link above.)
--------------------------
WE DEVELOPED FURTHER PROF. SRIVASTAVA'S SOLVED PROBLEM IN A NON-STANDARD MANNER.
OUR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF PROF. SRIVASTAVA'S SOLVED PROBLEM LED TO COP > 1.
HERE IS THE ESSENCE OF OUR APPROACH.
--------------------------
1) Let us calculate the inlet energy, that is, inlet energy = (31.86 W) x (1200 s) = 38232 Ws = 38232 J.
2) The Joule's heat, generated in the process of electrolysis is given by
Q = (I) x (I) x (R) x (t) =  ((m)/(Z x t)) x ((m)/(Z x t)) x (R) x (t) = (31.86 W) x (1200 s) = 38232 Ws = 38232 J = outlet energy 1.
3) HHV of hydrogen is 142 000 000 J/kg. Therefore the heat H, generated by burning/exploding of 0.0001 kg of hydrogen, is given by
H = (HHV) x (m) = (142 000 000) x (0.0001) = 14200 J = outlet energy 2,
where
m = mass of the released hydrogen
HHV = higher heating value oh hydrogen
4) Therefore we can write down the equalities:
4A) outlet energy 1 + outlet energy 2 = 38232 J + 14200 J = 52432 J
4B) inlet energy = 38232 J.
5) Therefore COP is given by
COP = 52432 J/38232 J = 1.37 <=> COP = 1.37 <=> COP > 1.
------------------------------
IMPORTANT NOTE. Constant pure water and cooling agent supply could keep constant the electrolyte's temperature, heat exchange, mass and ohmic resistance, respectively. Besides 0.0001 kg of hydrogen (and the related amount of the already split pure water) is small enough and can be neglected as a factor influencing the electrolyte's temperature, mass and ohmic resisitance.
-----------------------------
And one more interesting fact.
Literally the same solved problem can be found in an old Russian (still from the Soviet times) book "Сборник задач и вопросов по физике", 1986, p. 130, solved example problem 71. The authors of this book are Р. А. Гладкова and Н. И. Кутиловская. In the Russian version the data is a little different, that is, time is 25 minutes, the amount of generated hydrogen is 150 mg, Ohmic resisitance is 0.4 Ohm and the calculated power is 37 W.
Russians also stopped their calculations at 37 W.
Our further development of the Russian version led to the same COP = 1.37, that is, we have again the same COP > 1.
-----------------------------
IMPORTANT NOTE. The text above must be evaluated (SOLELY AND ONLY!) by highly qualified experts (Ph.D.) in electric engineering. Otherwise nothing will come out of it.

[George1]

EXPERIMENTALLY PROVED reactionless drive and perpetual motion are described in the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xX14NK8GrDY&ab_channel=PeterAxe
The link above describes a few simple reactionless drive and perpetual motion experiments. You can easily carry out these simple experiments in your garage as many times as you want.
----------------------
IMPORTANT NOTE. The technology information described in the link above must be evaluated (SOLELY AND ONLY!) by highly qualified experts (Ph.D.) in theoretical and applied mechanics. Otherwise nothing will come of it.
----------------------
Looking forward to your comments.

[George1]

The link below describes a few simple experiments, which break the law of conservation of mechanical energy and the law of conservation of linear momentum. You can easily carry out these simple experiments in your garage as many times as you want.
And here is the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xX14NK8GrDY&ab_channel=PeterAxe
---------------------------------------
IMPORTANT NOTE 1. It is highly recommendable that the above mentioned experiments  are evaluated and realized by a highly qualified expert (Ph.D.) in theoretical and applied mechanics.  Otherwise nothing will come of it (most probably).
----------------------------------------
IMPORTANT NOTE 2. The key question in the above mentioned experiments is how to reduce standard friction (where necessary) to a certain minimum limit, beyond which the experimental error (due to friction) is small enough and can be neglected. The answer is simple. You can use for example permanent magnet slides as shown in the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NoW0A8hYs5A . (Permanent magnet slides reduce friction practically to zero and the measuring devices do not register any force of friction.) Aternatively you can use hundreds of other methods for reducing of friction (as much as necessary) as modern technologies allow this feat. We live in 21st century after all.
----------------------------------------
Looking forward to your comments after repeating the above mentioned simple experiments.

[lancaIV]

George1, where begins and where ends "simple heater" ?

2008 : http://www.borderlands.de/net_pdf/NET1108S39-41.pdf  Wärmegenerator von Hans Peter Bierbaumer


2013 : http://www.borderlands.de/net_pdf/NET0313S10-18.pdf  E3 Gravitherme mit COP = 50:1 - ein Zukunftsprojekt

translated "device"-claim :

" ......  In the prospectus description for E3 Gravitherme says that this heat generation system with
a COP> 50 is unique in the world.
A device with a heating output of 20 kW therefore requires less than 400 W connected load and
can easily be converted into a existing flow / return linea heater can be installed.


A Exhaust gas chimney is not required.
On Gas or oil can then with one of those Heating practically omitted entirely and the operating costs are exceptionally low. .... "



https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=0&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20091022&CC=US&NR=2009263113A1&KC=A1

Consumer of elec. energy as per voltmeter and  ampere meter displays E1 = I × V × Δτ ,KJ    0.86  0.86  2.70  2.43


Energy of the heated solution,                                                            E2 = 4, 19 × m × Δt, kJ  27.53  30.72  87.05  48.43


Efficiency level of the cell as per voltmeter and  ampere meter displays K = E2/E1     32.01  35.70  32.24  33.32



let us go to
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?FT=D&date=20120613&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=EP&NR=1875140B1&KC=B1&ND=4


there above written EP Register,entering :


https://register.epo.org/application?lng=en&number=EP05731926&tab=main


https://data.epo.org/publication-server/pdf-document?pn=1875140&ki=B1&cc=EP&pd=20120613

Veröffentlichungstag und Bekanntmachung des Hinweises auf die Patenterteilung: 13.06.2012 Patentblatt 2012/24

Publication date and announcement of the reference to the  patent granted: 13.06.2012  Patentblatt 2012/24


technical data :

electric input :   Verbraucher an el. Energie laut Voltmeter- und Ampermeteranzeigen E1=IxVx Δτ ,kJ  0,86  0,86  2,70  2,43


thermic output :Energie der erhitzten Lösung, E2= 4,19 xmx Δt, kJ  27,53  30,72  87,05  48,43


efficiency :      Wirkungsgrad der Zelle laut Voltmeter- und Ampermeteranzeigen   K=E2/E1  32,01  35,70  32,24  33,32


                       =                                                      between 3201% and 3570% conversion






Patentoffice peers acceptable numbers : granted !

But http://www.borderlands.de/net_pdf/NET0313S10-18.pdf ,ATTENTION,page 18 :

The "Austrian Society for critical thinking ", by the way the inventor of the Gravitherme for the Award "The Golden Board vorm Kopf "nominated for consistently ignoring the
Thermodynamics in energy multiplication and the pseudoscientific painting of his patent application




Whom we can trust ? We have to think and decide : critically ! After device teste and measurement !


Btw : https://register.epo.org/application?number=EP05731926&lng=en&tab=event
       11.05.2012                   (Expected) grant           published on  13.06.2012  [2012/24]


https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/wirtschaft/oesterreich/494114_Wasserstoff-Technologie-Firma-Hydrogen-Research-AG-pleite.html


https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&u=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/wirtschaft/oesterreich/494114_Wasserstoff-Technologie-Firma-Hydrogen-Research-AG-pleite.html



Hydrogen technology company Hydrogen Research AG bankrupt


insolvency


After the death of founder Hans-Peter Bierbaumer, insolvent AG is wound up.

https://totenbilder.at/totenbild/bierbaumer-hans-peter  R.I.P. since 19.08.2012


                       granted after the applicant his death !


But: see EP Patent document !



Inventor(s):MICHAYLOVICH KANAREV PHILIPP [RU]



and we see that the bureaucracy works/(re-)act really slow :


article date from October 15, 2012, 3:45 pm Clock


related


https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/inpadoc?CC=EP&NR=1875140B1&KC=B1&FT=D&ND=4&date=20120613&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP



Event date :2013/10/31


Event code :BERE

 
Code Expl.:-   BE: LAPSED

 
  NEW OWNER :BIERBAUMER, HANS-PETER DR. H.C.
   EFFECTIVE DATE :20130430 (    more than 1 year after his death  , "honoris causa"  )






                                                    2008,....,2013,.....2020,2021,.....


E3 Gravitherme mit COP = 50:1 - ein Zukunftsprojekt             E3 Gravitherme with COP = 50: 1 - a future project 


                                                       https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZbKHDPPrrc

[George1]

To lancaIV.
==================================
Ok, let us focus on the electric heater again.
==================================
The text below is a slightly modified, shortened and more precise version of our post of March 09, 2021, 02:46:35 PM.
----------------------------
Have a look again at the book "Solved Problems in Physics", 2004, Volume 2, p. 876, solved problem 12.97. The author of this book is Prof. S. L. Srivastava (Ph.D.)
The same book can be found at the link https://books.google.bg/books?id=rrKFzLB9KQ8C&pg=PA876&lpg=PA876&dq=%22electrochemical+equivalent+of+hydrogen%22&source=bl&ots=tQ8PSMLet3&sig=ACfU3U2HOLB78XHl2o3q-JanapzSK-McJA&hl=bg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDpp2-zZXhAhWT5OAKHUfuBzUQ6AEwBHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22electrochemical%20equivalent%20of%20hydrogen%22&f=false
--------------------------
For your convenience I am giving below the text of the problem and its solution.
--------------------------
12.97. In the electrolysis of sulphuric acid solution, 100 mg of hydrogen is liberated in a period of 20 minutes. The resistance of the electrolyte is 0.5 Ohm. Calculate the power consumed. Electrochemical equivalent of hydrogen is 1.044 x 10 -8 kg/C.
SOLUTION.
Prof. S. L. Srivastava's solution is given below.
Prof. S. L. Srivastava's solution consists of two lines only.
LINE 1. Current through the electrolyte is given by I = (m)/(Z x t).
LINE 2. Power consumed = (I) x (I) x (R) =  ((m)/(Z x t)) x ((m)/(Z x t)) x (R) = 31.86 W.
---------------------------
Prof. S. L. Srivastava stops here his calculations.
(The related solution's set of equations is not given here in order to save time and space. This set of equations however can be found in the book or in the link above.)
--------------------------
WE DEVELOPED FURTHER PROF. SRIVASTAVA'S SOLVED PROBLEM IN A NON-STANDARD MANNER.
OUR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF PROF. SRIVASTAVA'S SOLVED PROBLEM LED TO COP > 1.
HERE IS THE ESSENCE OF OUR APPROACH.
--------------------------
1) Let us calculate the inlet energy, that is, inlet energy = (31.86 W) x (1200 s) = 38232 Ws = 38232 J.
2) The Joule's heat, generated in the process of electrolysis is given by
Q = (I) x (I) x (R) x (t) =  ((m)/(Z x t)) x ((m)/(Z x t)) x (R) x (t) = (31.86 W) x (1200 s) = 38232 Ws = 38232 J = outlet energy 1.
3) HHV of hydrogen is 142 000 000 J/kg. Therefore the heat H, generated by burning/exploding of 0.0001 kg of hydrogen, is given by
H = (HHV) x (m) = (142 000 000) x (0.0001) = 14200 J = outlet energy 2,
where
m = mass of the released hydrogen
HHV = higher heating value oh hydrogen
4) Therefore we can write down the equalities:
4A) outlet energy 1 + outlet energy 2 = 38232 J + 14200 J = 52432 J
4B) inlet energy = 38232 J.
5) Therefore COP is given by
COP = 52432 J/38232 J = 1.37 <=> COP = 1.37 <=> COP > 1.
------------------------------
IMPORTANT NOTE. Constant pure water and cooling agent supply could keep constant the electrolyte's temperature, heat exchange, mass and ohmic resistance, respectively. Besides 0.0001 kg of hydrogen (and the related amount of the already split pure water) is small enough and can be neglected as a factor influencing the electrolyte's temperature, mass and ohmic resisitance.
-----------------------------
And one more interesting fact.
Literally the same solved problem can be found in an old Russian (still from the Soviet times) book "Сборник задач и вопросов по физике", 1986, p. 130, solved example problem 71. The authors of this book are Р. А. Гладкова and Н. И. Кутиловская. In the Russian version the data is a little different, that is, time is 25 minutes, the amount of generated hydrogen is 150 mg, Ohmic resisitance is 0.4 Ohm and the calculated power is 37 W.
Russians also stopped their calculations at 37 W.
Our further development of the Russian version led to the same COP = 1.37, that is, we have again the same COP > 1.
-----------------------------
IMPORTANT NOTE. The text above must be evaluated (SOLELY AND ONLY!) by highly qualified experts (Ph.D.) in electric engineering. Otherwise nothing will come out of it.
-----------------------------
Looking forward to your comments.